Justifications for the Institution of Slavery during the Antebellum Era Essay

In Chapter 11, it was stated that â€Å"Slavery is primarily a labor system intended to produce wealth for landowners†¦It increasingly became a capitalistic enterprise intended to maximize profits. As such, it was tied to a growing international web of economic relations. † By 1820, the South became the world’s largest producer of cotton. Cotton required continuous development, land, labor demand and a global system of trade. As such, it depended increasingly on the slave-based economy. However, the Upper South was experiencing a long depression and it affected prices. To survive, either the planters move or stay and diversify. Diversification meant shifting to grains and to selling slaves. Soon, the internal slave trade became a multi-million dollar industry. Until the 1830’s, slavery was explained as a â€Å"necessary evil. † However, the call for abolition of slavery was becoming stronger and they had to change their justification for maintaining slaves to make it more acceptable. The Southerners started to label slavery as â€Å"a positive good. † They based their justifications on five sources – the bible, history, the Constitution, science and sociology. The biblical justification makes reference to the curse imposed upon Ham, Noah’s son and the various verses from both the Old and New Testament reprimanding servants to always obey their masters. For its historical justification, they pointed out that all ancient civilizations were based on it and most likely even the current civilization depended â€Å"on the servitude of the blacks in America. † The Constitution was their reference to its legal justification which refused to abolish slavery and various laws passed protecting it such as the overseas slave trade and mandate for returning slaves to rightful owners. They also turned to science and twisted the data an conclusions to justify that blacks were an inferior race based on the cranial shape and size and must, therefore, submit to their destiny â€Å"to work for the superior Caucasians. † Lastly, the sociological justification was made more clear by the paternalistic statement as advocated by George Fitzhugh that the â€Å"’Negro is but a grown child and must be governed as a child’ and so needed the paternal guidance, restraint and protection of a white master. † Be that as it may, to free the blacks would mean â€Å"giving up our beautiful country to the ravages of the black race and amalgamation of the savages. † On the humanitarian side, they said that it would be heartless to release them especially after seeing that the blacks can only be industrial laborers working like slaves for meager pay from which they will have to use to pay for shelter, food and clothing. They will be a burden to the white people who have to compete for the same job and a burden to themselves for having to fend for themselves without the nurturing protection of a master. These justifications were had to be well-thought of so that it would not run contrary to the prevailing ideological directions of the American society at that time which espoused â€Å"individual liberty, mobility, economic opportunity and democratic political participation. † Moreover, they cannot afford to antagonize the probably envious non-slave owning whites that they had to emphasize â€Å"white superiority regardless of class. † The truth of the matter is that behind all these justifications, the real motive is money. By 1860, the crop per value of a slave is $125. Enslaved women increase their value whenever they give birth to healthy children. A prime field worker which sold for $600 in 1844 can go as high as $1800 following a cotton boom. All things told, what mattered most is that slavery is profitable.

Domestic Violence Essay Essay

Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical and/or psychological violence committed by one partner or on to another. Though committed by both sexes, men commit the majority of domestic violence acts. While efforts have been made to prevent men from engaging in domestic violence, these efforts have yet to make a major effect on the rates of violence against women. This is because these efforts often involve reversing long-held cultural and societal beliefs. Given this situation, violence against women will likely continue despite best efforts to decrease women’s vulnerability to such acts unless male risk factors and protective factors are addressed. While general risk factors exist, such as age and familiarity with the person, the majority of perpetrators have adopted behaviors, either learned behaviors or societal beliefs that increase their likelihood of committing domestic violence. Previous acts of violence against women is often the biggest predictor of whether or not a man will commit an act of violence. For example, men who commit rape are likely to have done so multiple times. That’s why individuals with a history of physical violence are more likely to commit future acts. Men who hold traditional gender role beliefs, (men as breadwinners; women should stay at home) and adapt to masculine norms (men need to be self-reliant; have power over women) are more likely to commit violence against women. Men who commit acts of domestic violence are likely to have experienced acts of violence against themselves, so they redirect their abuse to another. A large portion of these men also experienced abuse as a child, so they grow up thinking this behavior is acceptable. On the other hand, there are protective factors that can reduce the chance of men committing domestic violence. There are not many ways of decreasing the chance of domestic violence, but there are some. Some of the most common would be: changing social norms that turn away from or support violence against women (either through community intervention or public education), and/or by creating more stability in low-income communities, since there is a connection between violence and social problems (poverty, substance abuse, etc. )

Mutual Fund in India

Master of Science in Management Specialization in Banking & Finance Research Methodology & Decision Analysis for Business (RMDAB) Assignment 2 Literature Review TOPIC: MUTUAL INVESTMENT FUNDS IN INDIA Student Name: Sangawar Pratik Shankar Batch: MFBD51217A FIN: G1190040U Table of Contents: 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 3 2. Literature Review on Mutual Investment Funds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pg. 7 3. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 21 4. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 23 Background a)Introduction The Four Basic Components on which Indian financi al system is based on are Financial Market, Financial Institutions, Financial Service and Financial Instrument. One of the most important components of Financial Instrument is Mutual Investment Fund (mutual fund). (Jaspal Singh, 2004) (Mason Dave, 1999) â€Å"A mutual fund is a pool of money contributed by numerous investors, the capital gathered is invested to buy a hefty portfolio of securities† There are essentially three categories of mutual funds i. e.Money Market, Fixed Income and Stocks within each category there are variety of funds. (Mason Dave, 1999) An investment company is a body with trained portfolio managers as investment experts, they pool up the investors’ small capitals or funds for the reason of bankroll in securities. The most well-known form of Investment organisation is the open-end management association. The Other type of investment funds are closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, business development organizations and unit investment trusts. (Jaspal Singh, 2004)The all above mentioned are civil funds the reason for that is, their share are publicly issued to investors and thus the funds and their shares are requisite to be registered with the Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Investment organisation/association that are secretly tender and issue their shares to investors/buyers are called private or hedge funds. The mutual or investment funds industry was started in early 1960’s with the configuration of Unit Trust of India, as an inventiveness of the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India. Jaspal Singh, 2004) Mutual fund is said to be investment as subject to market risk. As the capital is invested in the stock market to earn profits in terms of dividends, bonus shares of company, trading-buying and selling on higher prices. A common investor may not have adequate knowledge of the share market and the technical terms of the investment as how to create a good capital portfolio, which helps an invest or to play safe in the market.Now this situation of lack of investment knowledge creates an demand for mutual investment fund in mutual investment funds many small investor come together with their minor investment capital or funds and deposit it to a mutual fund investment company, organization or bank which acts as there agents or can be said as representatives in the stock market and for that service they take commission whenever the trading or buying or selling of shares is done, the commission may vary as per the investment companies. Amporn Soongswang, 2011) Mutual fund is the pool of invested money it based on the investment company which invests the savings of an amount of investors here the investors share a common financial objective, it in the ways of capital appreciation and earning incomes in the form of dividends. The funds are collected from the investors by the investment company and invested into capital markets instruments such as shares, debentures and overseas ma rket. Investors invest money and get the units as per the Net Asset Value (NAV).NAV is the current value of the money in the financial market or it can be explained as the present value of the fund in the financial market. (Bello, 2009) As mentioned that Mutual fund is the appropriate investment mode for the common man or the ordinary investor as it offers an investment prospect to invest in diversified portfolio management, high-quality research panel, proficiently manage Indian stock as well as the foreign market, the most important objective of the fund manager is to give the investor the safest investment and a balanced capital portfolio to play safe with maximum returns with good capital appreciation.The fund manager should also look after the trading of the stock i. e. buying and selling of stock or shares and through this the fund manager should generate revenue for the investor and should be able to give fair returns to the investors. (Dave, 1992) This helps the investment c ompany to keep up their promise of profit generation and maximization through mutual funds and it can be done through good diversification of capital portfolio. (Patzelt, 2009) (b)Brief History of Mutual Investment FundMutual Investment as per the dates support was started in 19th century it was introduced in Europe, in exacting, Great Britain. Robert Fleming was the person to set up the first investment trust called Foreign and colonial investment trust as per the records it was in 1868. The Foreign and colonial investment trust and other investment which had their located in Britain and the U. S. , are known as close-ended mutual funds today. Massachusetts investor’s trust was the first trust in the U. S. , it was established in March 1924 it was an open-ended mutual fund. Ramola, 1992) Innovation in the products and services of financial market improved the popularity of mutual investment funds in 1950s and 1960s. The first global stock mutual investment fund was introduce d in the U. S in year 1940. This financial market or can called as finance industry witnessed substantial growth in the 1980s and 1990s. In present the mutual funds are major source of ‘safe’ investment and it is a very successful product of financial market. (Ramola, 1992) Literature ReviewTHE EMERGENCE OF mutual funds was the outcome of the requirement to assemble small savings of domestic sector and to channelize it for productive measures through stock market or can be said as financial market. In the early stage of industrial revolution which was in early 1970’s in India, the deposits with the banks and other financial institution lost their importance with the growth of capital market and the declining interest rates. The new investors or small investor demonstrating their risk adverse nature shifted from less rollback bank deposits and low fluidic investment like LIC, Provident Fund and Pension Funds etc. owards fluidic, momentary investments like units, s hares, and debentures. (Bhapkar, 2007) However, an boilerplate or common investor is scared of fundamental market and hence cannot take decision or can be said as no path to walk on or no way can be seen, the condition was not at all decision making for investment, for small or average investor as, in which security to make the investment and when to make investment. This as a conclusion led to the advancement of mutual funds/bond funds in Indian financial industries.As mentioned above that in early 1970’s it was an start of industrial revolution in India and in that period of time there was high industries setting up in India and it created a high requirement of funds, so as the reaction of this action was public issue of for gathering of capital, but the amount which was collected was in bulk or we can say that investment which was asked by the companies or industries was a huge amount in this situation the small investors was not able to invest and enjoy the ownership and were also not having the knowledge of investment, so as to overcome this problem the mutual funds came into introduction, and the financial institution such as bank, mutual fund investment companies came to represent the investors in the market and help them invest into correct or good company. (Furfine, 2001) Here in Mutual Fund Company the funds were gathered from small investors and pool up capital and make a huge or bulk of capital and in exchange they were given NAV â€Å"Definition of ‘Net Asset Value – NAV' A mutual fund's price per share or exchange-traded fund's (ETF) per-share value. In one and the other cases, the per-share dollar amount of the capital is determined by segmented the total value of all the securities in its portfolio, less any liabilities/amenabilities, by the number of fund shares outstanding† . (Iqbal Mansur, 2010) Mutual funds units are investment vehicles that help new investors to take a ong ride through capital market, which is no t possible individually with small amount of investment. It provides a means of involvement in the financial market for investors who don’t have the time or perhaps the expertise to take direct investment decisions in equities successfully. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The basic need and objectives of the fund assembled by mutual funds in India has been on the exaggerated since their initiation in 1964 i. e. with introduction of US 64, the flagship scheme of UTI. A further it was in 1987 and 1989, when the investors. Distant, accumulating in measure with the objectives of distinct commercial policy of 1991, mutual fund market was open to the clandestine sectors in the country i. e. India. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Since 1993 the opening year of clandestine sector mutual funds, the investment inclination deviated more in favour the private sector funds. The swelling collection of mutual funds crossed Rs. 120000 billion (SGD $ 2666. 66 billion) marks in India by November, 200 2 with almost 59. 78% of the total investment going into private sector mutual investment funds. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The fact that the money so invested comes out of the hard earned savings of the investors apparently bring home the desired need of studying what the investors think about the mutual funds. It may also be mentioned here that less or small effort has been devoted or done by researchers in India to study the perceptions of investor towards mutual funds. Haugen, 1986) In the antecedent phase in India it was found that in general less knowledgeable mutual fund investors were found to be lacked in knowledge and were not autonomous in making fund investment decision making. Rather, they are the easily lured and motivated lot to get their investment made in any recommended mutual fund. Hence, to make this research meaningful, the focus is more on the educated and informed investors. Hence to invest in mutual funds the factor describes that investor’s preferen ce for mutual fund investment because of the professional expertise of fund managers which can be said as the representatives on behalf of investors and in return they commission as there fees. (F. A.Abeer, 2012) The risk exposure that has to be faced for directly investing in stock market obviates the need for professionally expert managers for managing investment in stock market. We can take one more explanation to get some more knowledge of mutual funds; the first category of Contribution Company was the entity trust, which was a fixed pool of securities that, conflicting a mutual fund was not intensely managed. The first unit trust was bringing about in England in 1868. In contrast to the entity investment trusts, these funds were awful leveraged and formularised in market performance and their amount collapse during the great stock market clash of 1929. Open end and closed funds that bought their capital managers the potential to convert the concealed structure of securities. I qbal Mansur, 2010) Mean while past years, closed-end investment organisation were another prevailing category of fund. A considerable aspect of this closed-end organisation was that they use leverage to play safe in the field. Closed-end organisation applied Leverage by allotting bonds and issuing shares in the financial market offering shares to the public. This helped to the company to raise funds that were used to purchase portfolio securities which were a very important part. The extensive aberration among a closed-end fund and an open-end fund is that the mainstay of an open-end fund stance equipped to regain shares while and are redeemable. Kirsch, 2011) As it becomes very flexible for choices of mutual funds as they are redeemable and irredeemable it depends upon the investor that in which form they feel safe and are willing to invest. Mutual Funds have such structure to endow with utmost benefits to the investors, and the authorised person in Investment Company which is the fund manager has research team to attain the objectives of the scheme. Mutual Fund Investment Company has different units of sector funds; the requirement of these units to achieve the maximum market return is proper planning for strategic investment. (William Fung, 2008) There should be a planned and unique diversification for the capital portfolio as per the market condition and investors or Investment Company’s resistance capacity.A planned portfolio helps to resist in the market as if the one part of the investment occurs loss the other stock or unit may bear it through generating profits and balance the situation, it is seen when the capital investment portfolio of the investor is very strong and well planned. For strong portfolio there should be professional Management here the fund manager should undergo throughout different research works and has adequate investment skills which promise high returns to the investor than what the investor can cope on his own. (Rainish Robert, 2002) Investment through mutual funds by a mutual fund investment company reduces risk factor, as the financial market is very dynamic in nature and requires high and accurate quality of analysis to generate good amount of return which very worth for an investor after taking such risk.Investing in mutual fund through an investment company diversifies the portfolio of securities yet with little investment in a mutual fund. The risk is diverted in a diversified portfolio than investing in just in 2 or 3 securities. (Palmiter, 2009) There are low transaction expenses due to the economies of scale (repayment of larger volumes), because of that reason mutual funds pay lesser transaction costs and the paybacks are passed to the investors. Mutual funds units have a great advantage of liquidity as in case an investor may not be capable to sell the shares hold by him effortlessly and swiftly, while units of mutual funds are more liquid to sell off and regain the invested capital as p er the current value.Mutual funds are said to be investor oriented as it gives investors a wide range of investment schemes with different investment objectives. Investor has the choice of investing in a scheme which provides him the association between its investment aims and desired financial goals. As every investor wants to get higher return but with that they have right to know that where the capital is invested, so for such course of action mutual funds provides investors with the latest updated information pertaining to the markets and the investment schemes in the financial markets. All required material is disclosed to the investor as per the requirement of the regulator. Shah, 2000) As mutual funds have liquidity, security, transparency, low transaction cost and fair returns, it makes it very flexible. Investor can also control their holdings from a debt scheme to equity scheme and vice-versa. There is alternative of organized investment and withdrawal at regular time inte rvals is also offered to investors in open-end schemes. As mutual fund industry is a regulatory, it has its rules and regulation it is an element of well synchronized investment environment in this environment the interests of the investors are confined by the supervisory body. All the transactions and funds are registered in up to date manner with SEBI and complete transparency is kept. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) In spite of ample amount of positive terms there are some disadvantages of mutual funds such as the fund manager may always not be able to manage to generate profits he might create loss as the whole control is in hand of the fund manager as the capital is of the investor but there is no control of the investor on his own capital. The fund has its own strategy for investment to sell, to hold, to buy time period. The cost control is not in hand of the investor, investors are applicable to pay the investment management fees and also the fund allocation costs as a proportion of the capital value of his investment as long as the investor holds the funds or units it is irrespective of the performance of the fund in the financial market.The capital portfolio is decided by the fund manager and also the decision of the investment of securities is in hands of the fund manager here investor has no right to get in the way on the decision making procedure of the investment by the fund manager, which some of the investors find as disadvantage in achieving their financial objectives. (Furfine, 2001) As mutual fund offers a range of investment schemes, so the investors finds it difficult to select the one in which he invests his capital it because the investor is lacking in that knowledge that is the reason he is investing his money through mutual funds but still the investor has to take decision to choose the scheme for this, they may have to take advice of the financial planners in order to make safe investment and invest in the right fund to gain profits throug h the invested funds which the major objective of the investors and let their money bloom. (Cornaggia, 2009)It is mentioned by many authors that investment funds are one of the important institutions for investing capital in to the financial market which is along with many risks for various investors especially the new and inexperienced ones which are lacking in the market conditions knowledge or we can say investment knowledge. Mutual investment companies act as financial intermediaries for non-professional investors they also respond to the requirement of the investors by making different types of capital portfolios with different configurations of securities. Since the market conditions are very dynamic in nature as mentioned earlier, investors are lacking in experience or almost new to the financial industry and they do not have knowledge of the markets professional literature and culture of the stock. (F. A. Abeer, 2012)The financial market in very wide in nature of investment and has an insufficient financial tools for investment and further support of small investor rights in neither regular nor efficient, and investing directly in capital market without any professional’s advice is rather very risky to invest until and unless the investor is an professional himself or has an adequate knowledge of financial industry and other important financial tool thus forecasting and establishing financial intermediary associations such as mutual fund investment companies is important and should be done by the financial market custodians. (F. A. Abeer, 2012) There are some main characteristics of mutual funds which have to be kept in mind while investing and which are very useful for an investor even if the investor is investing through an investment company such as, the mutual investment funds are purchased or the capital is invested through fund or broker of the fund so in this case the investor cannot sell it in the secondary market to other buyers or inve stors.The price of mutual fund each unit is decided according to the net value of the asset of investment unit and additional of wages that are occurred at the time of purchase. The investment unit can return to the fund or the broker as the units are redeemable. The return price of the each unit is as per the current net value asset with deduction of the transaction fees. The buying and selling of units is and continues process and continue constantly. There are different types of mutual funds it is based on the different investment objectives along with the various amount of risk involved, investment expenses and the fluctuations of the unit fund. Garmhausen, 2012) There are some types of funds such as close end fund; some features of these funds are the investment companies having fixed capital and in spite of being redeeming stocks makes its trading in secondary market for investors and hence can traded in secondary market, here the investors are able to purchase the funds direc tly and solely. Units or stocks of closed end funds are not available in stock or financial market for selling continuously these funds is just issued at their stocks in Initial Public Offering (IPO) for selling and investors willing to invest in funds can buy or invest their capital at the time of IPO or issue made the company and then those shares can easily trade in the secondary stock markets, here the stock can be traded. (Glassman, 2004) After the issue or the IPO and the stock price designated in the market according to the market’s conditions and influence, because of this sign of action it can be lower or higher that the NAV of each unit or share.Basically closed end funds are divided based on their approaches, risks, return patterns, investment objectives and portfolios are separated to different types and as according to that they have various levels of risk, volatility and fees variances. There is another category of funds which is said to be Index funds it is par t of investment fund the most important feature of the index fund is the low cost, low tax and fees as compared to the other funds which are active in the financial market. The portfolio for the index funds is fixed, so they have lesser flexibility as compare to other funds. (Glassman, 2004) The major objective of the fund is to reach the return of the selected index such as National Stock Exchange (NSE) Index.There are some very important stock exchanges in India such as follows: Bombay stock exchange, Ahmedabad share and stock brokers association, Calcutta stock exchange association Ltd, Delhi stock exchange association Ltd, Madras stock exchange association Ltd, Indore stock brokers association Ltd, Bangalore stock exchange, Hyderabad stock exchange, Cochin stock exchange, Pune stock exchange, Uttar Pradesh stock exchange, Ludhiana stock exchange, Jaipur stock exchange Ltd, Gauhati stock exchange Ltd, Mangalore stock exchange, Maghad stock exchange Ltd, Patna, Bhuvaneshwar stock exchange association Ltd, Over the counter exchange of India, Bombay, Saurastra kuth stock exchange Ltd, Vsdodard stock exchange Ltd, Coimbatore stock exchange Ltd, The Meerut stock exchange, National stock exchange, Integrated stock exchange. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The mentioned are the stock exchanges of India but are driven by the major stock exchanges which are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National StockExchange (NSE) these are the major index setters in the market are the regulatory which governed them id the Security Exchange board of India (SEBI). Exchange Traded Fund is a type of fund which is also called as ETF; ETF shares are not sold directly to the individual investors the ETF shares are mostly issued in the stock exchange in big blocks which been called creating and issuing units, and then the offers are given to the institutional investors. The sales of ETF are in non cash way for issuing and creating units to institutional investors and investors bring in the ir portfolio instead of cash and their portfolio is mostly same as the fund portfolio.After the purchase of the large blocks of ETF units the institutional investors divide the large stock into smaller parts or units and then it is ready to trade in the secondary market and is offered to the individual investors. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Then after the trading in secondary market, individual investors have two ways to trade the ETF’s shares or funds which are selling the stock to the other willing investors or returning them to the institution. Returning shares is only possible at the creation stage, issuing units scale and in non-cash ways. In layman’s words, instead of cash money, investors are allotted with existing securities at the portfolio of the funds. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The two main features of Mutual Investment Fund are said to be management and high liquidity: -Outside management: As the nature of mutual investment fund is different from joint s tock company’s shares in one major issue, i. e. they are not managed by the inside management of the company. The important part of the Administrative and Operations of the mutual investment funds are done by the service providers from outside of the fund. There are some important fund operations and duties such as portfolio management, distribution of investment units, marketing and other activities which are directly affecting the service provider company; it uses existent specialty association’s facilities and abilities in the field of finance industry. The administrative and public expenses can be saved by outsourcing of main activities and small organizational core work. Klinger, 1992) -Variable capital and high liquidity: There is no fixed/closed capital for mutual investment fund and the difference in their capital is seen at the time of issue and redeeming investment units, while there are no limitations for buying and redeeming as they are continuous in nature and investors can always buy and sell the mutual fund investment units and can be freely traded. Here the investors holding the fund unit can redeem the entire or part of their investment holdings and can change it to liquid cash on the basis of the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the funds. (Klinger, 1992) – Daily pricing of investment units: There is daily pricing of the fund units as mentioned early that it depends upon the NAV of the fund.The daily NAV is the sum of the market value of the portfolio minus funds debt and divided by the total amount of units have purchased by the investor. – Professional Management: Involvement of professional investment consultant gives a feature of Professional Management; the consultant has done with comprehensive research and having abundant information of the market situation and conditions. This feature is very important for any service provider as the investors may not have adequate knowledge of the investment planning and making a strong capital portfolio and this feature also helps investors to get familiar with the mechanism of Stock Exchange system. Klinger, 1992) – Diversification of securities and risk management: As investing in different securities and assets reduces the influence of reduction of value of the investment, the mutual funds manage the risk factor by diversifying configuration of different companies in different industries securities and use an expert or professional for maintenance of capital portfolio. (Klinger, 1992) Mutual Funds Classification: Mutual funds have been divided into three main groups which are as follows- I. Mutual funds that invest in companies stock II. Mutual funds that invest in securities with fixed income III. Mutual funds that invest in the money market All types of Mutual funds have been placed in one of the three above-mentioned groups. Mutual Investment Funds have wide range of investment objectives and it can be classified from conservative to aggressive and offer wide range of options and flexibility of investment of the funds to investor. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Conclusion:The study focuses on mutual funds risks and advantages, the findings may not be appropriate for an investor to understand the condition but with the above research we can get a picture of mutual fund and the risks allotted with it. The outputs of the research will let the investors understand mutual funds and market better. With the help of the information a new investor can get a basic idea or can understand the concept of mutual fund, the above research also helps in exploring the risk factors of mutual funds. It also mentions the advantages of mutual funds which help investors to make good decision for investing their hard earned money and with they can play safe in the market and gain good profits.As the research of mutual fund is an continues process because the market condition are very dynamic in nature and continuously changing are they directly af fect the funds as it gives an direct impact on the funds the market conditions are need to be watched or observed very closely by the experts and investors as well. Market situation needs to be observing very closely to play safe in the market and help the investors to grow their funds and earn a fair income. India is a developing economy with many emerging industries and companies; the current situation in India today is that a common investor in general is found to be confused regarding his or her selection of investment in mutual investment funds it may be due to dynamic economy or various scheme that are available in the market, so the selection process becomes very important for investors that in which fund to invest in?The above study was trying to resolve the problem of investment decision with giving a brief introduction to the nature and characteristics of mutual investment funds and the finance industry. (Words-4,698) Bibliography/References Amporn Soongswang, Y. S. , 2011 . Equity Mutual Fund: Performances, Persistence and Fund Rankings. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(6), pp. 11-76. Bello, Z. Y. , 2009. On The Predictability Of Mutual Fund Returns. Journal Of Business & Economic Stidies, 15(1), pp. 70-89. Bhapkar, R. , 2007. Corporate Portfolio Management: Capital Allocation From A Risk-Return Perspective. Corporate Finance Review, 12(2), pp. 27-38. Cornaggia, J. N. , 2009. Economic Effects of Access to Finance. Jornal of Finance, 1(4), pp. 43-57. Dave, S. A. , 1992. Mutual Funds: Growth and Development.The Journal of the Indian Institute of Bankers, pp. 42-117. Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, M. K. A. , 2010. Dehradun Law Review. A Journal Of Law College Dehradun Uttarakhand India, 2(1), pp. 7-82. F. A. Abeer, A. A. A. N. T. Z. , 2012. Obstacles Of Mutual Investment Funds. Interdiciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, 3(12), pp. 350-355. Fama Eugenef, K. R. F. , 2010. Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund Returns. The Jour nal of Capital portfolio Management, LXV(5), pp. 16-37. Furfine, C. , 2001. Bank portfolio allocation: The impact of capital requirements. Journal of Financial Services Research, 20(1), pp. 33-56. Garmhausen, S. , 2012. Primed For A Come Back.Financial Planning, 2(4), pp. 23-45. Glassman, J. , 2004. A Better Mutual Fund Reform. The American Enterprise, 15(3), pp. 49-57. H Paul, K. J. F. , 2007. Capital Allocation For Portfolio Credit Risk. Journal of Banking and Finance, 10(4), pp. 103-122. Hamidreza Mirmohammad, M. N. , 2012. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. A New Service Development in Iranian Financial Service Industry: Mutual Fund, Issue 87 (2012), pp. 7-16. Harald Hau, H. R. , 2004. Can Portfolio Rebalancing Explain The Dynamics of Equity Returns, Equity Flows and Exchange. The American Economic Review, 94(2), pp. 126-145. Haugen, R. A. K. c. O. , 1986.A PORTFOLIO APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING THE STRUCTURE OF CAPITAL CLAIMS. Jaurnal of Risk and Insurance , 37( 1), pp. 41-72. Hickey, L. , 2010. The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of finance, investment and banking. Dictionary of finance, 48(1), pp. 60-87. Iqbal Mansur, O. B. A. N. , 2010. The Relationship Between Money Market Mutual Fund Maturity and Interest Rates. Journal of capital management, 1(2), pp. 109-178. Jaspal Singh, S. C. , 2004. An Emperical Analysis of Perception Of Investors towards Mutual Investment Fund. Finance India, 18(4), pp. 1673-1693. Jian Cai, C. K. a. T. M. , 2010. Economic Commentary Compensation and Risk Incentives in Banking and Finance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 1(1), pp. 010-2013. j, n. d. Kirsch, C. E. , 2011. An Introduction to mutual funds. Joournal of capital portfolio and Fund management, 1(6), pp. 12-76. Klinger, E. D. , 1992. A Banker's Guide to Mutual Funds. Bankers Monthly, 109(12), pp. 18-21. Korpela, M. , 2005. Mutual fund expenses: Evidence on the effect of distribution channels. Journal of Finance Management, 1(2), pp. 89-103. Lashgari Malek, W. M. , 2003. The Information cantent of Morningstar's mutual fund ratings: The case for growth funds. American Business Review, 21(2), pp. 1-19. Lashgari, M. , 2011. An Invetment Portfolio Design For an Educational Endowment Fund the Role of Human Capital.Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 1(1), pp. 1-14. Leake, J. , 2008. Successful Portfolio management and RAPM. Balance sheet, 8(3), pp. 18-46. Mahreen Mahmud, N. M. , 2011. An Evaluation of Mutual Fund Performance in an Emerging Economy: The case of Pakistan. The Lahore Journal Of Economics, 16(2), pp. 301-316. Mansur, I. , 2011. JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL SERVICE PROFESSIONALS. The Relationship between Money Market Mutual Fund Maturity and Interest Rates, Issue JULY 2011, pp. 55-66. Martin, W. A. , 2009. Essays on financial markets, legal institutions and economic development. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2(1), pp. 80-91. Mason Dave, M. A. M. , 1999.An Introduction to mutual funds: A good choice for retirement investing. New Accountant, 14(4), pp. 10-34. Nanigian, D. , 2012. Advice on Mutual Fund Selection. Journal Of Financial Service Professional, 1(1), pp. 72-76. Nilsson, J. , 2007. Investment with a Conscience: Examining the Impact of Pro-Social Attitudes and Percieved Financial Performance on Social Responsible Investment Behvior. Journal of Bussiness Ethics, 10(1), pp. 308-322. O'Neal, S. E. , 2000. Real estate mutual funds: Abnormal performance and fund characteristics. Journal of Real Estate Porfolio Management, 6(3), pp. 239-354. Palmiter, A. R. T. E. A. , 2009. Star Creation: The Incubation of Mutual Funds.Vanderbilt Law Review, 62(5), pp. 1483-1491. Palmiter, A. R. T. E. A. , 2009. Star Creation: The Incubation of Mutual Funds. Vanderbilt law Review, 62(5), pp. 1487-1498. Patari, E. J. , 2007. Do Hot Hands Warm the Mutual Fund Investor? The Myth of Performance Persistence phenomenon. International Research Journal Of Finance and Economics, 1(4), pp. 118-135. Patzelt, K. a. H. , 2009. Por tfolio Strategies of Life Science Venture. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(2), pp. 87-100. Rainish Robert, P. G. , 2002. Performance of Latin American focused mutual funds. American Business Review, 20(1), pp. 21-45. Ramola, K. , 1992. Yojana.Mutual Fund and The Indian Capital Market, 36(11), pp. 57-69. Shah, T. M. , 2000. Hot money and the emerging markets: Global political and economic determinants of portfolio capital. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 25(1), pp. 27-57. Warburton, A. J. , 2006. Should Mutual Fund Be Corporations? A Legal ; Econometric Analysis. Business Review, 3(6), pp. 747-776. Wildmann, C. , 2011. What drives portfolio investment of German banks in emerging markets?. Finance Market and Portfolio Management, 14(2), pp. 197-231. William Fung, D. A. H. N. N. , 2008. Hedge Funds: Performance, Risk and Capital Formation. The Journal Of Finance, LXIII(4), pp. 23-49.

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AlLDI Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Hip hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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What would best constitute an education for men Research Paper

What would best constitute an education for men - Research Paper Example The present education format is focused on providing knowledge to people in order to make them capable of understanding their carrier objectives and be prepared for the next level of education. Many researchers and theorists believe that the current education pattern for men should include some additional subjects, which would help them learn the art of living. The most essential part of education in the modern world is practical life experiences. It has been observed that students from the beginning of their age are fond of stories narrated by their teachers, which are related to society. Men have greater interest towards subjects that are based on practical experiences. Education based on mining is very important for men’s perspective. Mining of natural resources is very important and men are mostly preferred for this purpose. Hence education related to mining is essential for men. Moreover, subjects related to defence, electronics and computers are also equally important for men. Practical experiences and implication of the experiences in the study of students is required in-order to overcome the challenges associated with modern educational system. This research paper focuses on the best compose for the education of men. Education is not only based on academic learning, it is also a cluster of actual life experiences. For an example, subjective matters of physics are not only based on theoretical implications, it is also based on real-time experiments. Experiments are conducted in-order to obtain a real-time observation of the theory discussed during classroom education. It is very essential to understand that learning is the key of life and academic education only can-not provide the required amount of knowledge. Implementation of real-life experiences during education is required to make students understand the use of the subjective matters in practical world. According to essay ‘Learning in the Key of Life’, Spayde tells that academic

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Article Review - Essay Example Opinionated presentations so many times are given less considerations as they can prove to have been recklessly thought however, with regards the article, it is shown to have undergone elaborate scrutiny in the eyes of the writer. In Thieme’s article, she magnified the need for gift giving in the attainment of salvation. Indeed this proves to be true as exemplified by the very acts of God. First, He gave His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ as a gift to the world for the salvation of men from their sins. In response, Jesus came to this earth and having the capability of enduring the pain and shame planned for him, He gave Himself up to be slaughtered like a sheep in the hands of the men He created. Being God, He had the power to destroy those who meant Him harm but His gift was to endure the hardships of dying on the cross in humility. With this, He then was magnified, seated at the right hand of the Father after He successfully performed what was expected of Him by the one who sent Him. The rood which was a witness to the hardships Jesus had undergone is now honored for its quiet wisdom and acceptance of the responsibility given to Jesus. Looking up to the Son of God who received his cup of bitterness and drinking from it, the rood did not see it fit for it to complain or fight back in behalf of it’s Lord rather it saw fit for the rood to take its responsibility as well to just carry the body of Jesus Christ even if it meant pains and scars in its body as Jesus was nailed to it. When the rood saw how violently the earth reacted to the crucifixion of Jesus, it considered how it could do the same yet decided to look up to its Lord and follow the example He has set. Due to the sacrifice of the rood, its gift of being strong and meek amidst the chaos during the death of Jesus, it is now seen with respect, adorned with flowers and gems and considered an important part of the faith of mankind in the God who

Choose a modern day situation Essay Example for Free

Choose a modern day situation Essay In this lesson, we were some preparation work to prepare us for our historical improvisation piece. We had the choice of two tasks, 1. Choose a famous event from history and create an improvised piece which details this event, or 2. Choose a modern day situation (e. g. at school, a party, a mealtime etc. ) and create a short improvisation showing this. THEN choose a period of time between 1850 and 1960 and re-enact the same scene, as you think it may have happened at the time. Our group decided to choose the second task, and we all decided that doing a piece set in 1960 would be very interesting. When we had chosen the time our piece was to be set in, the majority of our group wanted to set our piece in a party, but Kayleigh wanted to perform a piece set in a school, and the rest of the group all agreed that this was an excellent idea, and could turn out some interesting differences between the 60s and todays school environment. Donna didnt really want to base our performance in the sixties but eventually the group managed to talk her round to our way of thinking, and Donna was quite happy to perform with us. I decided to go home, and research everything I could about the sixties, so that next drama lesson, we would have plenty of information with which to make our piece historically accurate. I have placed the information I collected behind this page, to show that our group have researched and used all resources available to us in order to enhance our performance. In the meantime, for the remainder of the lesson we decide to write a very basic scene plan, for our preparation performance. We couldnt make a prop and costume list, as we hadnt properly researched the time period our performance was set in, but we all agreed to bring in some props and costumes we thought would be appropriate for the piece, and when I brought the research in, we would choose the best from the selection we had brought to the lesson. Scene Plan Scene One Kayleigh is playing the teacher, and as we walk into the 1960 classroom, she invites us all in to sit down with a warm smile. We gave her a smile, to show how friendly a place school was back then, and how friendly the teacher was herself. Then the pupils sit down and the teacher asks them what they would like to do. We thought this was a good way to show the different teaching styles in use at the time, and how different their lessons were to ours, having no set curriculum, and being given the responsibility to choose for themselves what they want to do instead of just being told. The children tell her they would like to protest against war, and the teacher, being supportive of their ideas, and valuing their opinions, gets out her guitar, with which to accompany the protest chant. The girls sit and start to repeat the word peace over and over again, whilst swaying in unison. In mid-sway the girls freeze, and I get up and explain a bit about school in the sixties, and the main differences with today. Then we all walk off stage. Scene Two Kayleigh walks on stage closely followed by the kids. She sits behind a desk, and starts to read the register. I thought it was important to have a desk for the teacher, to show how nowadays teachers use their desks as a barrier between them and the pupils, almost using them to segregate themselves fro the kids, whereas in the sixties, the teachers wanted the kids to feel happy and welcome, and didnt want this barrier between them and the children. The kids attitudes are visible from the very second the walk in the door, I thought it was a good way to use movement to show how the kids feel about being forced into coming to school, and doing work they dont want to do. This is their way of rebelling, in the sixties, they rebelled to, only in the sixties, the teachers helped them. These days, the kids are rebelling against the teachers. The kids just generally give the teacher a load of attitude then we all walk off stage. I thought it was really important to show the two different ways kids then, and kids now, have of rebelling against things, and the way that the hippies used the faculty as a medium for protest, using them to send their message, whereas in this decade, kids just rebel against teachers. It was now the end of the lesson but I knew exactly what I had to research for our performance next lesson, I decided to research hippies, and the political and social background of our chosen date. This meant researching important events and getting an insight into what people were like in the sixties, how they behaved, how they reacted to scandal such as teenage pregnancy, and other social taboos, to help us play the parts convincingly. Also I wanted to find out what motivated the flower power generation to become as big as it did, and what was the reason behind their morals and ethics. I also wanted to find out a little about the music that was playing at the time, and how that was influencing people. My research is displayed over the next few pages of my notebook. The information I collected was very interesting to read, and I accumulated enough to give us a really good idea of how people in the 1960s dressed and more importantly, how they behaved. 13th March This was the lesson that we had to perform our preparation piece in. I was slightly nervous, as I knew another group were also doing the 1960s, and I didnt want our group to be shadowed by their performance, or for it to seem like we had copied them, because all of our ideas had been original and completely uninfluenced by anything they had done, but apart from that, I wasnt nervous of performing at all. We were the first group to perform, and it all went reasonably well, except some unexpected laughing due to lack of rehearsal time. I thought the characters could have been more developed, and it could have been longer, but since it was only a rehearsal piece, this didnt really matter. The other groups came up with some brilliant ideas too, one did a remaking of a scene from the Krays, a film about some London gangsters, infamous for its violent content. This was really good, and had a humourous element at the end, to relieve the tension of the scene slightly. Another group did a news report on the sinking of the Titanic and I found this to be entertaining and informative, at the same time. The other group who did a 1960 hippie setting were really good too, I liked the way they sang, and used drugs, to show that drugs were socially acceptable in those days. When we had finished watching everyone elses preparation performance, it was the end of the lesson, but I felt that the preparation work was very useful in preparing me for the historical task we were soon to begin. It really got me thinking about the different ways we could present information to an audience, and made me consider all the possible ideas we had already been forming about our piece. 20th March When we came into the lesson today, we were given a sheet, clarifying, what was expected of us of our GCSE Drama Historical piece. My rewrite of the sheet can be seen overleaf. The sheet is displayed on the adjacent page. When we all had time to examine the sheet properly, we could not decide which task to choose, so we made a brainstorm on the period of time we were allowed to use for our piece, 1859-1960. We were glad that the time period was so large, as it gave us a lot of events in history to portray. When we had made our brainstorm, we were still no nearer to agreeing on an idea or time period to show in our piece, so we each chose a time period we felt would be interesting to show, and we went to the library to research our individual subjects. Kelly and Teresa wanted to research Rock and Roll and the fifties and Kayleigh and Donna wanted to research hippies. The rest of the group didnt really want to do another piece on hippies, as our preparation piece had focussed on this, but, we did not wish to dismiss any ideas at this time, and so we were all quite happy to research our individual topics. Dora was slightly stuck for ideas on which era she should research, so I suggested the Victorian era, as it covered a wide range of events, within the time bracket we were given, and could be very interesting to look into. I myself decided to research the 1930s, the invention of television, and the broadcasting debut of the BBC, (British Broadcasting Corporation). My research is displayed over the next few pages. 21st March This lesson, the group was still very much divided into two groups, Dora, Me, Kelly and Teresa, who wanted to perform a piece about the rock n roll era of the 1950s, and Donna and Kayleigh, who still wanted to do a play about hippies, and more specifically, hippies in school, which the rest of us seriously objected to, seeing as it was exactly the same as our preparation work. Then Kelly came up with the idea of spanning different decades, and showing one idea, either schools, or parties, throughout the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s and 1960. I came up with the idea of everyone sharing the responsibilities equally, and each person having a scene to write up, and design themselves. Then Kayleigh was concerned about the amount of work each person would have to do, so I came up with the idea that if the person in charge of the scene wanted to, they could speak to the audience instead of acting, and this would tie our performance in with both the comparison, and theatre in education tasks we were given, and presenting different scenes in different formats would improve our performance, and make it more interesting for the audience. We decided Teresa would write the 30s scene, Kelly the 20s, Donna and Kayleigh the year 1960, and Dora the thirties. I decide to take the fortys scene, as I thought it would have been really interesting to show the jubilation of the British population at the end of the second world war. Then I said I thought it would be really good idea to have each person who designed the scene, to come to the front at the end, and speak to the audience directly about their scene, the main differences from those days to the present time, and that this would also be a good way to give the other actors time to change before the next scene starts. I thought this would also be a good way to fill in some time too, as with six people in our group our plays ideal length would be about twenty minutes. I thought splitting the scenes up this way would be a great way to get everyone to put their own thoughts and style into the piece, and let everyone each have their individual inputs, and be able to perform one piece of our performance their way. I also thought it would be a really good way to add more variety to our piece, and hold the attention of our audience better than a less creatively structured piece would. We had still not decided on the theme our scenes would have, schools or parties, so we all agreed to go home, and really think about our reasons for our preferences, and think about which idea was the more original and creative. We also decided to seriously think about which would be more interesting for our audience to watch. The research I found about the 1940s, can be found over the next few pages of my notebook. 27th March Today, we were still disagreeing on what the main focus of our performance should be. Kayleigh and Donna still wanted to write our scenes around a school format, and the rest of us still wanted to have the main feature of each part of our performance be a party, or be about a party. When our drama teacher came over to check on our progress, she suggested, if it was causing so much trouble within the group, that we split into a four and a two, with Kayleigh and Donna forming their own group together, but we all decided that this would not be a good idea, as Kayleigh and Donna didnt want to be on their own, trying to create a totally new piece in a reduced time period, and we didnt really want to lose two of our group, and the people who were writing the last scene of our performance, so Donna and Kayleigh agreed to base our performance around parties and not schools. I wanted to use parties, because there is more opportunity to show difference in costume, and behaviour throughout the different decades, than there is in schools. Then for the rest of the lesson, we concentrated on developing a presentation to show to the rest of the class. Each person read out their thoughts on their scene, and how they intended it to develop into the final piece we were to perform. We got some interesting feedback on the subject, mainly, that in order to make my scene/s historically accurate, I needed to do more research on street parties in particular, not just the forties in general. Also, Mark had an interesting suggestion, he suggested that instead of having people get changed while the writer of the last scene speaks to the audience, we have just three people in one scene, and three in the next, however, this is up to the individual who creates the scene, as she will decide how many characters she needs in her part of the performance. At the end of the lesson, we decided to think about the different ideas suggested to us by the rest of the class, and we all agreed to think of some ideas for our scenes for tomorrows lesson.

Importance Of Positive Interactions Children And Young People Essay

Importance Of Positive Interactions Children And Young People Essay It may be hard to establish a positive relationship with a child at first, the early years practitioners need to really get to know the children in their care in order to respond to them adequately. They need to know their interests, what frightens them or worries them, what makes them happy and sad and what annoys them. They need to be aware at what triggers their moods and they need to work out how to get each individual child to respond to them, trust them and open up to them and this is not very easy. Getting to know a child can be very difficult because they may be shy and may not like being around strangers and they also might be experiencing separation anxiety from their parents and may also be very wary of the setting they are in early years practitioners need to be aware that toys and games are no substitute for a warm and trusting relationship with an adult, who is actually interested in the child. Sometimes in early years settings the setting appoints each child with a key person, the key person will be responsible for helping the child settle in to the setting. The key person will try and build a genuine bond with the child so that they feel happy, confident, welcomed and valued. Babies and young children need to get to know there key person in order for them to feel safe and cared for. Also the key person will need to build up a good relationship with the childs parents and work together in finding ways for the best ways for the child to settle in, the child will settle more easily if they know they have one person who they can trust and rely on. Adults are a childs best resource and role model and by giving a child your complete attention are better than any toy or gadget. Most children long to be accepted in their surroundings and feel the need to belong and that their beliefs and opinions are respected and valued. By positively interacting with a child you will get to know that child really well, you will begin to understand what they like and d islike and once you know this you can plan appropriate activities for them to develop. A positive interaction with the child should start as soon as they come in in the morning by making sure the way you greet them is an extremely positive one as this is the most upsetting time for the child when their parents leave them. As the children get involved in activities you should be able to focus on what the child is saying and try and become a part of the conversation this lets the child think they are in the lead and you are taking direction from them and not the opposite way around, but there also maybe times when the child does not want or need input from an adult and by knowing the child you should know when to step back and quietly observe instead. All this comes from experience and how well you know the child, as you grow practitioner you will instinctively know when to intervene or simply just stand back and let the child explore. With all children they are all completely differe nt and some children will open up to you very easily as some children thrive on adult attention .however some children will not be so keen to open up and it will be extremely hard to build a positive relationship. They may find it difficult for a number of reasons for example they may be shy ,they may be experiencing problems outside the setting, they maybe unwell or just tired whatever the reason if the child has been in the setting for some time you should instantly tell why the child is being quiet or withdrawn and t maybe a good idea to have a word with the childs parents but if the child is new to the setting and are finding it difficult to settle in , it maybe that they are not interacting or communicating with anyone in the setting . Its down to the early years practitioners to try and find a way to get to know them better this might be a lot easier if you talk to the parents and find out the childs interests, try and spend quality time with the child on a one to one basis so you can gradually build up their trust. a child shouldnt be forced into mixing with others till they are ready to do so they may just like to watch and adjust to their new setting .books can be extremely good by getting the child to interact, find out what their favourite story is and offer to read it to them this may encourage the child to talk about the story. It is very important that your child as a positive relationship with their practitioner as the child may spend 5-7 hours a day with them. Interacting positively with the child from an early age is the basis for a good relationship which benefits the children immensely by positively interacting with the child they get one on one time with the practitioner and produce a positive relationship between them. By having a positive relationship it helps develop the childs cognitive skills , social emotional and language skills ; children not only obtain language and social skills but they also develop sensitivity , the ability to t alk out their problems, encouragement and the ability to ask questions . teacher child interactions are most developmentally appropriate when the teacher responds quickly , directly and warmly to the children this provides a variety of opportunities to engage in 2 way conversations and identifies and elaborates on the feelings , interests and activities of the children teachers which react in a sensitive and positive way are more likely to develop positive and nurturing relationships which is a key to a childs security , increasing the likelihood that the child will explore their environment giving them more opportunity to learn . 3.2. Describe why it is necessary to listen to children and effective ways of doing this. Children need to talk excessively and constantly and whilst we hear what they are saying do we really listen to them? If you ask children about adults who they like to be with, time and time again they will tell you, someone who they can talk to. Listening is an integral part of working effectively with children of all ages. It needs to begin when children are babies; babies need to see responses to their early vocalisation. Adults working with babies may smile, pick up a baby and reply by expanding the vocalisation. Later as children become more fluent speakers, the need to learn the skills of listening. Contrary to popular belief, this is not learnt by keeping them still and quiet, listening is actually an active skill and children need to learn to respond appropriately. they can do this if adults are actively listening to them . Active listening is more than just hearing: it involves thinking about what the other person (in this case a child) is trying to convey. Active listening also means giving a child your full attention, this can be hard in busy settings, but need to be prioritised. In most settings opportunities for active listening are linked to layout and routines. Preparing the fruit for snack time and wiping tables are examples of tasks can be done with a child chatting alongside. The key is to make sure children feel relaxed and they know that you are not in a rush or likely to be distracted. By listening closely to children we can identify their needs and capabilities and interests and also helps them build on their confidence and self-esteem. we can use this knowledge to plan activities and decide how to extend these activities in order to promote the childs learning in all areas of learning and development , some children take a while before they really get round to talking . This is one reason why it is important to create situations where you are not rushed. A child may simply begin by just wanting to be with you and gradually begin to want t o talk. Some children also need visual props and cues to help them. This is particular important in younger children. As well as children whom the language of the setting is not their own language. A child who cannot tell you cannot tell you what they want is likely to grab what they need by behaving badly. To listen to what a childs saying you need to give the child your full attention and make sure you know that you have done so face them, look them in the eye, lean in towards them and respond to what they are saying, do not deny or reject what they are saying. It is also important to remember that when we talk about listening to children we do not simply mean taking into account what they are saying through there spoken word. There are many ways in which a child can communicate or even very young babies or children with a developmental delay or disability can communicate in a number of ways. These children must also be listened to and their feelings taken into account. Early year s practitioners need to learn how to identify the right moment when to intervene in a childs conversation without taking control or finishing sentences for them you can do this by trying to expand on what they are saying through asking appropriate questions or giving relevant opinions. If a child begins to feel like what they have to say is of no consequence and you are not likely to take into account their opinions they will cease to voice them, speaking and listening are fundamental to everything we do every day. A childs communication skills need to be targeted daily. Their ability to talk and express themselves need to be nurtured and the best way this can be done is for early years practitioners to listen intently to what they have to say. We may not always agree with them and it may not always be possible to let them have what they request. However it is possible for us to listen to them and respond to them in an adequate and effective manner. 3.3 summarise the importance of spontaneous play and how this can be achieved in early years settings. Given the opportunity children play spontaneously which means they provide their own motivation to play and act without intervention of an adult .the time and type of play is totally decided by the child and activities can be stopped and taken up at will. Playing to the child is just spontaneous and may not have any goal or conclusion. Spontaneous play can be extremely effective and practitioners should make use of unexpected opportunities, for example it may suddenly start raining or snowing, this is the perfect opportunity for the children to build snowmen or just go out into the rain and explore the puddles in their wellys, or even look for rainbows. Spontaneous play can happen anytime or anywhere in all environments, jumping in leaves whilst walking to the park or just by picking up a teddy bear and starting a tea party are just a few examples of spontaneous play. It is essential that all early years workers understand and value spontaneous play in order to become sensitive faci litators. While most children embark on spontaneous play willingly, adults need to make the right provisions. It is important to remember that every child is an individual with their own needs and during development these needs change. facilitating spontaneous play requires careful planning , anticipating the next stage and adapting resources to fulfil the need of the child.in providing play , space ,resources , time and friends need to be considered. Appropriate space should be set aside for play. It should be big enough for free ranging activities for a child in relation to the childs developmental changes, play space should be safe and should have opportunities for exploration and investigation by the child. Provide stimulating resources that are appropriate for the specific child, resources should be easily obtainable and representable of a multi-cultural society and they all should be checked for safety. Spontaneous play depends on the child being given the opportunity to engag e in activities without interruption. They should be given enough time to do the specific play activity. At all stages of development children need playmates it is important for them to interact with children. Enthusiasm and encouragement from adults should be available when the children need it. Just by watching young children it is easy to see that play is often stimulating and rewarding , and they get a great deal of emotional satisfaction from playing . Although the differences are not always clear cut or easily understood, it is possible to identify distinct functions that play has for a child. Mary d Sheridan a researcher in child development for over 40 years termed these functions apprenticeship, research, occupational therapy and recreation Apprenticeship. As children get older they gradually develop competence in performing everyday tasks, such as dressing and feeding them or answering the telephone, play can provide the shills of acquiring such skills. Research. Children find out about the world around them through a process of observing, exploring, speculating and making discoveries. For example the child will learn about the properties of water which some things float and sink. Playing provides ample opportunities for this kind of learning. Occupational therapy. Play can have a soothing or distracting effect. It can be a simple escape from boredom, a means of diverting attention or coming to terms with things that are unpleasant such as pain. Recreation. This is the function of play that readily springs to mind. Children entertain themselves through play; they are simply just enjoying themselves and having fun. Studies carried out by researchers including Mary d Sheridan ,show that the functions that play fulfils for each child from moment to moment and day to day are part of the wider contribution that play makes to each childs overall development . In other words play helps children in their development. Bilbliography Beith, Kate and penny tassoni and Kath Bulmer childrens care learning and development oxford, Heinemann, 2005 Bruce, Tina and Carolynn meggitt childcare and education Oxon, book point ltd.

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay In 1788, Louis XVIII of France summoned the Estates-General for the first time in 175 years to solve the countrys disastrous financial problems. Jacques Necker, who had recently become finance minister and put in charge of the matter, invited writers to propose how the Estates should be organized, and hundreds of pamphlets were published. Among them was What is the Third Estate?, by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes.In this powerful work of rhetoric, Sieyes pointed out the following: What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want? To become somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The words gave hope to the weary commoners, and set off the bomb known as the French Revolution. The question we must ask ourselves here is this: what implications did the pamphlet actually have for the French Revolution? At first glance, this question appears to have very straightforward answers. The pamphlet, as a whole, serves as basic guidelines for a reform of social order. Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite are what it pursues, and the ideal society it calls for is based on these values. Sieyes dreamed of a world where it was not the laws that differentiate citizens among themselves but the assets and advantages of the individual citizens themselves.  [5]  Equal opportunities, laws to protect the common rights  [6]  of citizens, and the final neutralization of the privileged orders are what he demands.  [7]  The Third Estate, for all practical purposes, was the Nation-it held everything that was needed to form the Nation, with the exception of the clergy, which Sieyes believed to be a profession charged with a public service that had all of its offices usurped by the nobility.  [8]  These were indeed compelling arguments to the Third Estate, considering that most of them spent thei r lives in utter poverty, with no hope of redemption! What other answer could there be, other than that this pamphlet envisioned a Revolution that was carried through out of genuine care for the people? Before any more is said on the subject, it is crucial to review the society of the period. It was 1789, and the Estates-General was about to convene. The procedure of selecting the deputies representing each order was different from that of the Estates-General of 1614: the number of deputies from the Third Estate was doubled  [9]  , making their number the same as those of the First and Second Estate together, and any tax-paying male over 25 could vote for deputies of the Third Estate.  [10]  Interestingly, however, many of the elected deputies of the Third Estate were lawyers, and most others came from respected professions-unusual for the representatives of an order which was, by a vast majority, constituted by peasants.  [11]  The peasants had deemed themselves inferior and chosen the bourgeois deputies to represent them.  [12]  Sieyes became one of these newly elected deputies of the Third Estate.  [13]  Maximilien Robespierre and Jacques Danton, were two othe rs.  [14]  Soon afterwards, the Third Estate left the Estates-General to form the National Assembly.  [15]  Throughout the course of the Revolution, these three, among many others of the bourgeois, remained important figures; understanding their actions and motives will help answer the main question of this paper. These public speakers and writers continued with their enlightenment. Meanwhile, on July 14th, 1789, upon hearing news that the King had removed Necker from the position of finance minister, the people of Paris understood the Kings actions as a conspiracy to close the National Assembly, and after looking where to find weapons, they laid their eyes on Bastille, which was rumored to have a full supply of firearms and ammunition; Bastille went down that very day.  [16]  The fall of Bastille marked the start of the new social order that Sieyes had written about; the rights of citizens, were finally recognized in the August 4 decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,  [17]  and his theories of national sovereignty, popular sovereignty, and representation became, for the first time, legislation. Males were given universal suffrage; laws protecting property rights were established; no one was privileged.  [18]  19Although there were still many problems and is sues that needed to be solved, it appeared that the wishful thinking of What is the Third Estate? was coming true. This state of bliss did not last long. The constitutional monarchy proved to be a failure, and with the emergence of the National Convention, a republic was born. The National Convention was, as all assemblies that preceded it had been, far from united.  [20]  Political conflict was constant, and to add to the countrys problems, it was met with an outbreak of war with the counterrevolutionary countries of Europe, namely Prussia.  [21]  The war allowed the Committee of Public Safety, which had originally been established by the National Convention to formulat[e] policy and coordinat[e] the war effort, to rise to power, virtually acting as the executive government.  [22]  Under the control of Maximilien Robespierre,  [23]  it became the active government in the period known as the Reign of Terror.  [24]  Any person who supported the royalty, asked for more social reform, or spoke against the Terror was executed swiftly, without delays like trials.  [25]  Jacques Danton  [26]  was among those who tried to stop the Terror, and who was executed for it.  [27]  Eventually, Robespierre, in an effort to gain more power, accused fellow members of the Committee, and was beheaded, ending his life as well as the Terrors.  [28]   We could continue with the events that happened after the fall of the Terror until the end of the Revolution, but the information we have now is sufficient to answer the question. The political events that occurred between 1789-1795 have a certain pattern: the constant change of the ruling class. It is a cycle of men struggling to get their hands on power, justifying their causes as being for the people. What did the French Revolution-the title this cycle of power is given-achieve, as was stated by Sieyes in What is the Third Estate? It achieved, as stated previously, the following: universal male suffrage, laws protecting the common rights of citizens-a constitution, and a primitive form of democracy. Did it dispose of privileges? Members of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror had the power to sentence someone to death with almost no evidence at all. Surely, is this not a privilege? Sieyes might argue that such privileges in post-revolutionary society was earned, not in herited, as it had been during the Ancient Regime. However, the only difference was the law; it was just as unlikely for a peasant of 1793 to become such officials as it was for a bourgeois to be admitted to high offices in 1788. They would both be exceptions. When seen from these principles, the French Revolution brought little change to the Nation; the entire period is merely a change of the ruling, or governing, order. The privileged clergy and nobility were replaced by the tier of leaders  [29]  of the Third Estate, and members of this tier had well been expecting it: they orchestrated it! This tier of leaders of the common population-let us call it the First Tier-spent their lives being ruled by, and usurped positions by, members of the higher Estates. Sieyes was one of them.  [30]  It is reasonable to argue, then, that this First Tier desired to replace the higher Estate as the new ruling Tier. They could not, however, do this alone. The First Tier was by nature, small in number compared to the rest of the Third Estate-for which we will now use the term Second Tier.  [31]  The First Tier required the help of the Second Tier if it were to succeed in becoming the ruling Tier; after all, the Tiers were, in Sieyess words, The Nation, and the Second Tier constituted most of it. How were they to achieve the task of persuading the Second Tier to join forces with them in overthrowing the government? Here, the First Tier had advantages. While the First Tier, as the elite and leaders of the Third Estate, enjoyed relatively prosperous lives, had the right to vote, and generally did not have property taken by the nobles, none of the members of the Second Tier had this luxury. This was the bait that the First Tier could use, and would use, to persuade the Second Tier of their cause. They promised a society in which the Second Tier could have all of these rights, and more. Of course, all of this was carefully written and spoken in a rhetorical fashion, so as to produce rage and a revolutionary air.  [32]  What were the results? The storming of the Bastille was the single largest incident, and it eventually took down the First and Second Estates, replacing the government with the First Tier, who now had the power they wanted-the power to lead the Nation. They gav e the Second Tier certain rights and benefits that had been promised beforehand in pamphlets like What is the Third Estate?, but that was where the fairy tale ended. Based on these observations, we arrive at the conclusion that the actual idea and concept of the French Revolution is not much more than the political protests of a frustrated First Tier that decided that the Nations rulers were not worthy, and its manipulation of the Second Tier to carry out the actual, physical overthrow of the government. In effect, the Marxist views of the French Revolution being a Revolution consisting of four smaller class revolutions  [33]  is a mere illusion, consequences of a historians foolish quest to find excessive class meaning in the incidents of history; in reality, what happened was simple. The people overthrew the government in 1789, and for the next ten years, citizens who were not satisfied with it succeeded in rebuilding it several times. In his famed book, The Technique of Revolution, Curzio Malaparte stated that the 18 Brumaire  [34]  was the first modern coup dà ©tat.  [35]  It was not. July 14th, 1789-the storming of the Bastille- was the first. What implications did What is the Third Estate? have for the French Revolution? The pamphlet was the first domino that triggered the chain reaction known as the Revolution, by no doubt. But the social order that it created was not that of which it spoke of. The Revolution did bring much social reform, the invention of citizenship  [36]  being one major change. However, ultimately it failed to create an equal society, because the First and Second Estates of the Ancient Regime were simply replaced by the First Tier, with the pre-existing privileges excluded. However, the governing First Tier had privileges of their own, one extreme example being the aforementioned privileges of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror. The French Revolution may have started a movement that brought great change to the world, but we must all keep in mind that its original intentions were not quite as noble and philanthropic. The role the pamphlet What is the Third Estate? played during the Re volution was bait for the masses, or the Second Tier. Sieyes was an idealist. He likely believed that the world he dreamt of was possible, even with the First Tier merely replacing the First and Second Estates and taking control of the Nation, as long as those in high positions had correct motives. However, his comments on the Terror after it had deteriorated, I survived,  [37]  seem to suggest that he had lost faith in the idea. This appears to be not far from the truth, as in 1799, ten years after the publication of What is the Third Estate?, Sieyes assisted Napoleons successful coup dà ©tat, ending the Revolution, closing the door he had so enthusiastically opened a decade earlier.  [38]  

The Art of Supervising Essay -- Business Management

Since the beginning of time there have been people who are leaders and there are those that choose to be followers. As an effective leader, one must possess certain traits and skills that include knowing how to motivate others to accomplish a task. This assignment will discuss the role of a supervisor in the multicultural society of today and the three traits needed to become an effective manager. This assignment will include the relationship between managers, supervisors, and employees and how these relationships assist in guiding organizations in achieving their maximum potential and the importance of finding the right employee to meet those goals. In today’s business world, supervisors must have a unique skill set that includes being able to communicate well with others, having the ability to effectively coach others, understanding the dynamics of working through others, and possessing performance management skills that allows them to handle changes in a positive manner. The role of a supervisor is similar to the role of a mother or father. Just as a mother or father nurtures their child to become the best that they can be, a supervisor does the same with his/her employees. A supervisor who is committed to setting their employees up for success is essentially a recruiter, trainer, planner, motivator, coach, and a leader for others to follow (Cassidy & Kreitner, 2010, p. 9). While there are numerous traits that a supervisor should possess, there are three imperative traits that stand out above the rest in my opinion. These traits are (1) emotional intelligence, (2) being honest and ethical, and (3) having the ability to accept diversity. Emotional intelligence, or EQ as it is known today, can be defined as noncog... ... Works Cited Cassidy, C., Kreitner, R. (2010). Supervision: setting people up for success. p. 8-199. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Daft, R. (2010). Innovative management for turbulent times. Chapter 1, p. 8. South-Western Cengage Learning. Retrieved from http://www.ppt2txt.com/r/9d2a1ad4/ Mathis, R.L., & Jackson, J.H. (2012). Human Resource Management: Essential Perspectives (6th ed.) p. 67-69. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Moglia, T. (Author). (1997). Supervising for success: A guide for supervisors. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/Doc?id=10058839 Sterrett, E.A. (Author). (2006). Manager’s pocket guide to emotional intelligence: From management to leadership. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ashford/Doc?id=10379760

Newspaper and Online Media -- Communication, News, Technology

Newspaper and online media have both done a good job to spread news story to readers. Newspaper as a traditional media is accept by most people for a long time. But as the technology is growing up, online media become a competitor of newspaper. Hall (2001, p.2) state that there are 200 million people using the web regularly and the web page is around 800 million. Nowadays, the web users are still growing up very fast. But the newspaper still playing a important role in news area. These two major news media become a part of people's life. Both of them have advantage and disadvantage. Newspaper had developed for a long time, and web technology is new. But they are all produce information to audiences as soon as possible. For many years, newspaper is the most easy media for audience to get news. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.4) believe that newspaper is easy to take and read it in anyplace your want. It is fast and cheap for audience. That is why many people like newspaper in the past. But a s the online media grow up these year. People can get free news on the website and the web news is much fast than newspaper. It offer people another convenience way to get news. In a multi-media world, the rates of those people reading newspaper is going down. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.7) state that newspaper is not going to died but the adult population of reading newspaper is going down from 77% to 50% from 1983 to 2006. And just 30% people think newspaper is popular in 2006. It is a huge challenge to newspaper after online news appeared. The newspaper and online media both use picture and language to tell reader story. But newspaper have a limited of picture and words. They could not use too many pages to show details. Website can add more pictures t... ...ine media both taking an important role in spread news nowadays. The advantage of newspaper is get readers attentions and make them have a great impression. The language and representation of newspaper will be much more profession and particularity. The limitation of newspaper is the space and time is not wide. They have to finish work on time and could not add information after finished it. And the disadvantage of newspaper is the advantage of online media. Website can edit anytime and provided as mush information as they wanted. Unfortunately, people have more choices on Internet means online media lost them quickly. Both newspaper and online media have their own characteristic. They need to learn from each other and think about how to catch audience and keep them. Change the disadvantage and get benefit from advantage will help each other develop in the future.