Feminism and Slavery Essay -- Literature Feminist Papers

Feminism and Slavery Harriet Jacobs escaped from slavery and at big personal risk wrote of her trials as a house servant in the South and later fugitive in the North. Her slave narrative entitled Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl gave a true account of the evils slavery held for women, a perspective that has been kept relatively secret from the public. In musical composition her story, Jacobs, though focused on the subjugation due to race, gave voice subtly to a different kind of captivity, that which men impose on women regardless of semblance in the patriarchal society of the ninetenth century. This form of bondage is not only exacted from women by their husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons, but also is accepted and perpetuated by women themselves, who forge the cage that holds them captive. Jacobs direct her stirring account of the afflictions a woman is subjected to in the chain of slavery to women of the North to gain sympathy for their sisters that were enslaved in the South. In showing this, Jacobs reveals the danger of much(prenominal) self condemnation women maintain by accepting the idealized role that men have set as a goal for which to strive. Harriet Jacobs slave epos is a powerful statement unveiling the impossibility and undesirability of achieving the ideal put forth by men and maintained by women. Her narrative is a unfaltering feminist text.The idealized Woman that men and women alike propagated consists of four qualities. The attributes of True Womanhood, by which a woman judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors and society, could be divided into four primordial virtues- piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity.1 Of all of the women that Jacobs autobiographical character Linda Brent meets, not one ... ... Perilous Passages in Harriet Jacobss Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl in The address of Slavery Aphra Behn to Toni Morrison. Plasa, Carl and Ring, Betty J., eds. New York Routledge, 1994.McKay, Nelli e Y. The Girls Who Became Women Childhood Memories in the Autobiographies of Harriet Jacobs, Mary Church Terrell, and Anne Moody in Tradition and the Talents of Women. Howe, Florence, ed. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1991.Smith, Valerie. Self-Discovery and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1987.Starling, Marion Wilson. The Slave Narrative Its model in American History. Washington, D.C. Howard University Press, 1988.Welter, Barbara. The Cult of True Womanhood 1820-1860 chap. in Dimity Convictions The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Athens Ohio University Press, 1976.

Response to Article about the Capsaicin Receptor Essay -- Biology Caps

The Summary of The capsaicin receptor a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathwayCapsaicin is a natural convergence of capsicum peppers, that is an active ingredient in many hot foods. When nociceptors- neurons that transmit information regarding tissue damage to pain-processing centers in the spinal cord and brain- come in contact with capsaicin, the neuron gets excited, and there is a perception of pain, and the a local release of inflammatory mediators. These nociceptors get excited by increasing permeability of germ plasm membrane to cations, but the molecular mechanism explaining this phenomenon is unclear. Capsaicin is being used in an analgesic agent in the treatment of odious disorders, causing long-term sacking of responsiveness because it kills off the nociceptor, or it destroys the peripheral terminals. It was decide that the existence of a receptor site represents the most likely mechanism, because the capsaicin derivative showed structure-function relationships and evoked responses in a dose-dependent manner. A competitive capsaicin antagonist called capsazepine strengthened this model, along with discovering resiniferatoxin, an extremely potent capsaicin analogue for Euphorbia plants that mimics the cellular action of capsaicin. The cloning of a gene encoding a capsaicin receptor was decided to help develop more understanding of the molecular nature of capsaicin action and its relationship to endogenous pain signaling mechanisms. A cDNA clone that reconstitutes capsaicin responsiveness in non-neuronal cells was isolated. It was discovered that capsaicin gives off burning sensations through the activation of a heat-gated ion channel that is likely to contribute to the detection of painful thermal stimuli in vivo. ... ...as well as help cure strains and sprains. Capsaicin may even regrow your hair Capsaicin Prescription InformationGeneric Name Capsaicin chemic Name trans-8-methyl-N-vanilly-6-nonenamideCommon Uses This medicine is used to relieve pain caused by inflammation and surgery and other conditions as determined by your doctor.Type of medicament non-habit forming, analgesic drug, for topical use only.Dosage Apply three to four times daily.Possible Side Effects This medicine may cause temporal stinging or burning sensations. If sensation persists, discontinue use and consult your physician. There are no known harmful interactions with other drugs.Cautions Do non use this medicine is under the age of 2. Do not apply around eyes, nasal passages, or genitals. May cause burning or inflammation. The FDA has pass levels of 0.025% to 0.25%, topical.

Ghost Story of Santa Fe Ghost Trail Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Lege

Santa Fe Ghost TrailAs I sat down with the narrator in his dorm on a Sunday afternoonnot the close appropriate time for ghost storieshe told me this well known ghost story from New Mexico. The bank clerk is an 18-year-old male freshman majoring in international relations who is from Bethesda, Maryland. He is biracial with an American father and a Taiwanese mother. Born in California and brocaded in Colorado, the storyteller is a converted Christian. The teller was in the Boy Scouts, which is where this story comes fromTheres this really small highway town in New Mexico called Cimarron, and its small now but in the late 19th century it was a bustling crossroads for all sorts of hoi polloi aureate speculators, ranchers, oilmen, and especially those vagrant characters, like Billy the Kid, seeking refuge from whatever lawman was on his tail. In Cimarron is this hotel, the Santa Fe Hotel, and they say that this place is the most haunt hotel still in operation, in the west. The lights flicker on and off, and people, visitors just say they encounter really weird things like if you go in this atomic number 53 room, you might see a woman out of the corner of your eye, sitting on the windowsill and looking out for someone. And when you turn to face her, she disappears, but all of a sudden you smell a subtle waft of strawberry-scented perfume. Weird yet you still not sure if this is true? Sounds sketchy, I know. Oh I should say this hotel is haunted because 23 people have been shot to death in the hotel, either from a bar-fight or card-game or something. Well I went to stay at the hotel for a night, before I headed on to a nearby Boy Scout camp. I went with my troop, and we all got our own rooms. Guess what room I got the strawbe... ... he brought it screening with his great emphasis and repetition of certain words. For example, he repeatedly imitated the clicking sounds that he experienced. This reenactment drew the attention of the audience and pla ced the audience in the hotel room that he was sleeping in, therefore made the story scarier. Also, the storyteller narrated in the first person. Because his personal experience was incorporated into the story, it made the story seem closer to the audience. An evoke aspect of the story is that it incorporates an actual location and history into a ghost story it is intriguing because the mysterious events occur in an accessible place that people can go and visit. Works CitedSanta Fe hotel echoes with legends. CNN news. Oct 12, 2004. http//cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&category=475&item=2278226756&rd=1 (Oct 16, 2004).

Essay --

The numbers of marine mammals present in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States has fluctuated over the past century. Declines have been assign to various causes, which are a mix of anthropogenic and natural processes. One major cause of marine mammal sort out is whaling. Even though this serve has been prohibited, the effects of commercial whaling in the United States can still be seen today. The main whale species requireed included North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica), bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) were exploited in an increased fashion after populace War II (Springer et al., 2003). Whaling did not only affect whale populations, but it also affects populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters. This is hypothesized to be the result of top-down f orces from whaling, forcing great whales to shift their food sources to these smaller marine mammals. During the Second World War, whaling of great whales was at its peak. These whales were used for oils for lubricants, food, and other needs of the people of the United States. However, this heavy use of great whale stocks forced killer whales (Orcinus orca) to begin feeding on smaller marine mammals, such as seals, sea lions, and sea otters (Trites et al., 2006). It is also thought that declines in these smaller marine mammals is due to a decline in nutritional limits in their habitats, competition with fisheries, as well as changing climates. The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) has had a slow recovery since the cessation of commercial... ...ws and acts such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, Fur Seal Act, Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, and the Coastal Management Act, have all helped to observe the stocks of these important organisms from declining even further. Even though these have been enacted, the general public still needs to be educated and made aware of the population trends of these animals, as well as their importance to the tropic systems surrounding our coastlines. Many individuals do not realize, for instance, that Sea Otters are a keystone species in kelp bed habitats, and without them, kelp forests would decrease in numbers and the health of those ecosystems would decline rapidly. Kelp forests provide habitat for over a thousand species of animals, many of which are important for fisheries and without those forests, fish abundance would deterioration as well.

The Great Depression in America :: essays research papers fc

Child LaborThe 1990 World Summit for tykeren was a landmark, which was attended by 71 heads of state. It was a moment of great satisfaction and encouragement for all the international bodies engaged in their pursuit of making A world fit for squirtren, when 71 heads of state pledged to eradicate polio, reduce infant mortality rate, eliminate the worst forms of child grok and promote vocational training for adolescents (Sandrasagara, 7).Complex Factors in that location is a popular public opinion that the children should not be exposed to labor tasks including employment at an age, which demands their involvement in educational and recreational activities. The activities undertaken at child age contribute to their growth and development and undertaking labor task at this age is no less than a crime. However, mostly the great unwashed express this opinion based on strong emotions and the complex factors contributing to this dilemma are not understood in their real background. These factors range from legal, social, governmental and economic aspects, which extend far beyond the strong emotions. A detailed, careful and empathetic analysis of these factors can lead us to understand the problems of child labor on an international horizon. Powerful legislation, its strict enforcement and the extent of its implementation across the board on an international scale can serve as a foundation in addressing this curse. International studies reveal the magnitude of the grave problem of child labor. A systematic estimate, undertaken in 1985 (Black 9), calculated around 31 one million million million street children worldwide, of whom 71 percent were child workers living at home, 23 percent kept occasional family contact, and 8 percent were entirely separated.The contributing factors to the child labor are limitless, however, the vital few factors are external debt, poverty, lack of appropriate infrastructure, economic crisis, and social and cultural environment. It is sa id that the information technology has greatly contributed in globalization and transforming the world into a global village. The irony of the situation is that everything in this world is globalizing except wealth and development. The Brettonwoods institutions i.e. IMF and the World Bank have to diddle a strong and unbiased role in ensuring that the seeds of growth and development are injected into the developing world. Although poverty is termed to be the main causal factor for child labor in the developing world, however, some studies have shown that some child workers are relatively from affluent families, and engage in the business for excitement and paper bag money (Myers 9).

The Great Depression in America :: essays research papers fc

Child LaborThe 1990 World Summit for children was a landmark, which was attended by 71 heads of state. It was a moment of not bad(p) satisfaction and encouragement for all the international bodies engaged in their pursuit of making A domain fit for children, when 71 heads of state pledged to carry away polio, reduce infant mortality rate, eliminate the worst forms of child labor and promote vocational training for adolescents (Sandrasagara, 7).Complex FactorsThere is a popular world opinion that the children should not be exposed to labor tasks including employment at an age, which demands their involvement in educational and recreational activities. The activities undertaken at child age take to their growth and development and undertaking labor task at this age is no less than a crime. However, mostly people express this opinion ground on strong emotions and the complex factors contributing to this dilemma are not understood in their real background. These factors range from legal, social, political and economic aspects, which extend remote beyond the strong emotions. A detailed, careful and empathetic analysis of these factors can lead us to understand the problems of child labor on an international horizon. right on legislation, its strict enforcement and the extent of its implementation across the board on an international scale can serve as a foundation in addressing this curse. world-wide studies reveal the magnitude of the grave problem of child labor. A systematic estimate, undertaken in 1985 (Black 9), calculated around 31 million street children worldwide, of whom 71 percentage were child workers living at home, 23 percent kept occasional family contact, and 8 percent were entirely separated.The contributing factors to the child labor are limitless, however, the vital few factors are external debt, poverty, lack of appropriate infrastructure, economic crisis, and social and cultural environment. It is said that the information technology h as greatly contributed in globalization and transforming the world into a global village. The irony of the situation is that everything in this world is globalizing except wealth and development. The Brettonwoods institutions i.e. IMF and the World Bank have to play a strong and unprejudiced role in ensuring that the seeds of growth and development are injected into the exploitation world. Although poverty is termed to be the main causal factor for child labor in the developing world, however, some studies have shown that some child workers are relatively from affluent families, and engage in the business for excitement and pocket money (Myers 9).

Prioritizing English over the Loss of Your Language

Prioritizing the side of meat address over the possible corrosion of your native speech Nearly 72% of the information available on the cyberspace is in English. How did it all start? The English language spread throughout the humanness because England in the late 16th century formed colonies all around the world. And until now the English language is growing and becoming more and more popular worldwide, English has official or special status in at least seventy five countries with a total population of over two one thousand thousand (The Cambridge Encyclopedia).More and more populate see learning English even if they might lose their native language as positive. Personally, I believe that English should be prioritized over the possibility of erosion of a native language for a number of reasons. English breaks the language barriers between unalike countries especially through the internet and there are more job opportunities if one is able to speak and write English fluently. In this essay Im going to charge mainly on these two points. goodThe internet is a system of interconnected computer networks, to serve billions of people worldwide. The internet is a note where everyone comes on from different countries to communicate with one another and to share all sort of things like whats really happening in their community/ rustic. Its a place where the people of the world come together as one. English breaks the language barrier also, by allowing people from around the world to get to know to each one other, work together and communicate whether its face-to-face, by phone, via email and most importantly via the internet. What percent of the internet is really in English? this is a enquiry asked by many. And the last time anyone made a serious attempt to answer this, was a study conducted by Excite AtHome in 1999, which looked at 600 million webpages and concluded that 72% were in English (Zukerman, 2009). With so much information mainly in English fr eely available on the internet, this motivated people from different countries to learn the language so they can seize the change of getting valuable information for almost free of charge.There is only one language for airlines taking off and landing in 157 countries around the world and thats English. English is the universal language of air traffic control. Therefore, a pilot from an Arab country for example, where English is not spoken that often, will have a better chance of being hired by any airline around the world if they can speak proper English. English is necessary also for official business thats why companies hire their employees based on their y readiness of speaking and writing English.Job opportunities worldwide in lets say big international companies such as Ernst & Young or other extended companies look for such employees with top notch English. Meanwhile, if more people speak English in a country, potential business opportunities sky rocket because its the only way business partner, franchisers and investors can communicate, discuss, negotiate and make a deal with one another.This enhances the profit of a country and benefits the country as a whole in the long run. To sum it all up, personally, I feel that the advantages out way the disadvantage of prioritizing the English language over the possible erosion of you native language. First off, job opportunities increase when one is capable of speaking and writing English fluently because its one of the criteria in most study international companies.Secondly, The English language allows people from different backgrounds and mother tongues to communicate effectively and get to know about each other. References Zukerman, M. Musing on Africa, international development and hacking the media, 2009. http//www. ethanzuckerman. com/blog/2009/06/01/what-percentage-of-the-internet-is-in-english-in-. chinese/ MacNeil, R. , McCrum, R. , & Cran. W. (Producers). (1986). The Story of English . Documentary . http//topdocumentaryfilms. com/story-of-english/

The Mind & Brain

The judgment & Brain Are thither Differences? Darreia Johnson PHI208-Ethics and Moral Reasoning Professor Kurt Mosser February 27, 2013 The Mind & Brain Are There Differences? This is a fascinating subject, the question and the juristment because these ar the kind of questions philosophers work so hard to answer. Many people believe the musical theme and straitsiacset argon the same. Mind and Brain are two terms that are understood to mean the same when used in the colloquial sense. There is certainly some discrepancy between the two in their making.Brain is made of physical matter while mind is non made of physical matter. To be more elaborate mind is made up of cells, blood vessels and nerves to name a few. Mind is nothing nevertheless the thought that resides in the brain. Apart from thoughts, mind places room for emotions, memories and dreams as well. I will address certain perspectives from different academic sources as well as my own concerning the mind and brain and how they work. In terms of a computer, we can look at the brain as the hardware and the mind as the software, but it is much more complicated than that. Mind refers to the part of you that is overt of thought. Brain can be a synonym for mind, and it can also refer to the physical harmonium within your skull. That is, the brain is a physical organ while mind is a more philosophical concept. People sometimes make a careful distinction between the two words when discussing the philosophical concept. Like, when people are debating whether in that location is such a thing as an immortal soul, they will say things like, Can the mind exist without the brain? In most day-to-day contexts, the two words are pretty much synonymous.The brain, part of the central nervous system situated within the skull. It includes two cerebral hemispheres, parallel masses of deeply furrowed tissue as well as the brainstem and cerebellum. Its functions include muscle control and coordination, sensory reception and integration, livery production, memory storage, and the elaboration of thought and emotion. According to Susan Greenfield in an article I read, she has a different approach. She says There is a familiar dichotomy between mind and brain, hereas the concepts of mind and consciousness often are conflated I wish to argue here that both suppositions are wrong. We want to first explore the aspects of the mind and brain. Where brain obviously needs no definition, mind presents more of a trip-wire. Normally the term is used to refer to abstract airy-fairy events that float free of the biological sordidness of neuronal circuitry and chemicals. But more than rather vague mental activity, mind is used also for personal aspects of brain function, as in I dont mind, broaden the mind, make your mind up, etc.I would venture therefore that perhaps mind is very close to what we might refer to as temper, but the big difference is that temperament is in the eye of a third-person beholder, whereas mind is a first-person perspective, i. e. it is what it feels like to be you rather than what other people judge you to be. (Greenfield, 2002) The brain, Susan suggest, is a gross aspect and can vary from one individual to another, they offer n clue as to who is kind, witty, cruel and good at cooking. permit us consider how the brain is organized. Within each macro brain region there is no single isolated complete function.We know, for example, that vision is divide up into color, motion and form processing and, in turn, the function of vision can preoccupy over 30 brain regions. Similarly, any one brain region, like the prefrontal cortex, can participate in more than one function. So brain regions are bit players on the brain stage, and not self-governing units. Within each area we know that there is complex brain circuitry, finally boiling down to the synapse, across which we find all the biochemical baggage needed to operate a system of chemical transmission in turn, this baggage of enzymes, receptors and uptake mechanisms is the result of cistron expression.Moreover, we know that in our whole luggage compartment there are merely 30 000 or thereabouts genes, so that even if every single gene in the body was devoted to a synapse, one would still be out by 1010 (assuming approximately 1015 connections in the brain). So, we can no more attribute autonomous functions to the most basic direct of brain function, genes, than we can to the most macro, the brain regions. In both cases there is very little room for man oeuvre and therefore it is hard to agnize how personalization of the brain, the mind, might rebel. Greenfield, 2002) Speaking of genes, one would agree that genes play important roles in our thought process. In The Birth of the Mind How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of tender Thought, Gary Marcus takes as his goal not to try to prove that genes make a differencea matter that is no longer in serious inquiry but to describe how they work and to explain, for the first time, what that means for the mind (pp. 45 italics in original).He specifically disparages the popular press (and the scientists who so inform it) for announcing the find of a gene for this or that just as he dismisses the question whether nurture or nature is more important (p. 7). He catchs the only meaning(prenominal) answer involves their interaction, an understanding of which leads to the more refined and productive question, How do genes work together with the environment to build a human mind? (p. 8). Nothing less(prenominal) is at stake than the tossing out of the gene as a permanent template.Marcuss chief point, made after disposing of both the dangerously fallacious single gene theory and the notion that genetic structure is unmallecapable and therefore that behavior is foretold, is that genes do for the brain the same things as they do for the rest of the body They fall the fates of cells by guiding the prod uction of proteins within those cells (p. 86). The alert reader, now accepting the idea of the flexibility and plasticity of the genes, will want to know precisely how the extraneous environment shapes the genes.The answer, Marcus writes, is that every genetic process is triggered by some sort of signal. From the perspective of a given cell, it doesnt matter where that signal come ons from. The signal that launches the adjust-your-synapse cascade, for example, may come from within, or it may come from without. The same genes that are used to adjust synapses based on internal instruction can be reused by outside instruction. Candland, 2004) It goes on to say how genes shape our behavior, I also agree with Candlands perspective on the issue. I conjecture that although the mind and brain often are seen as one, that they are two different entities within the same host. I was reading an article earlier that said we can study the brain but not the mind. I disagree with that article bec ause that is what makes it so complex, we can hold the brain in our hands but not the mind. I think the mind is measured on different levels but studied as well.Psychiatrist, philosophers, and the field of medicine, just to mention a few, study the mind every day. They are able to draw the line between sane and insane, according to our text Philosophy, A Conscious Decision, talks about the extreme skeptic as Descartes seems to have constructed a skepticism so powerful that it calls into question anything we have ever been certain of that we have bodies, that there are other people around us, that were awake when we think we are, and even that 2 + 2 = 4.Most important, for epistemology, is that Descartes transforms the discussion into one of doubt about what we call the external world the world of objects that are outside of our mind, including the ordinary objects, such as tables and chairs, about which we make our most confident noesis claims. (Mosser, 2010) This is an example how powerful and complex the mind is. Another way of learning how our minds work is to understand the brain systems that would produce mental representations with the properties just described.For this purpose, he introduces the principle of learning by prediction and links it to Bayesian decision theory. He argues that many of the cognitive phenomena considered can be explained if it is assumed that the brain operates as an ideal Bayesian observer. This conceptualization directly builds on the notion that perception and action are proactive processes and involve the generation of mental models. The models generated by the brains are continuously tested against reality and adapted using sensory signals and prediction errors, which are computed based on probabilistic knowledge derived from past experiences.When facing a tall animate object in a streetcar, for example, probabilistic information about the likelihood of encountering a human being versus a gorilla plays a critical role in t he perceptual processes that allow for object recognition. In motor control, probabilistic knowledge (e. g. , a filled backpack typically weighs x) is combined with sensory feedback to support the optimal selection and online correction of movement when pursuing an intention (e. g. , to pick up the backpack). (Kohler, 2008)In contrast to the above theory, it is said modern belief that the mind is the same thing as the brain, and therefore consists of genetic and chemical processes. Contrary to this notion is the more common sense view that our minds are made up of experiences in the world and with others, and while the brain may be the material home of the mind, it is not the mind itself. Professor Kando begins with a refutation of materialistic reductionism and positivism, and then builds on the work of William James, George Herbert Mead, and Joel Charon to make the case that the mind is a product of learning and not the same thing as the brain. Kando, 2008) The mind and brain are also associated with personality disorders. In this context the use of the words mind and brain in psychiatry is often associated with a set of polarities. Concepts such as environment, psychosocial, and psychotherapy are linked with mind, while genes, biology, and medication are often associated with brain. The author examines these dichotomies as they apply to personality disorders. Method Research on antisocial and borderline personality disorders that is relevant to these dichotomies is evaluated.The implications of the findings for the understanding of pathogenesis and treatment are reconsidered. Results In the clinical setting, it is baffling to lump together terms such as genes, brain, and biological as though they are separate and distinct from terms such as environment, mind, and psychosocial. These dichotomies are problematic, because genes and environment are inextricably intertwined in the pathogenesis of personality disorders, psychosocial experiences may result in pe rmanent changes in the brain, and psychotherapy may have its effect by altering brain structure and function.The theory of mind is a useful construct for bridging mind and brain in the treatment of personality disorders. Conclusions Severe personality disorders are best understood and treated without either-or dichotomies of brain and mind. Each domain has a different language, however, and the language of the mind is necessary to help the patient develop a theory of mind. (Gabbard, 2005) In conclusion, it could be necessary to associate the mind with the brain, but this is a complex issue because without the brain the mind cannot exist.However the mind and brain are very different. Theo Clark says, Scientific knowledge suggests that the world is inanimate, purposeless, made up of material things which operate on a cause and effect basis up to now the mental world seems to involve consciousness, planning, desire etc. It would seem paradoxical that one world is the product of anothe r. Yet this is the conclusion we are faced with if we are to make any sense of the evidence at hand and resolve one of the major questions of all time. Do the electronic processes of the brain create or give rise to the mind or is it that the electronic processes Are the mind? The ratiocination of this question is essentially philosophical, but by necessity, it is grounded in the world of a posteriori science. (Clark, 2008) There are two vantages from which one can study the mind. The first-person account (I seered) and the third-person (He says he sees red when certain pathways in his brain encounter a wavelength of six hundred nanometers).This can be broadly labeled as Introspectionism and Behaviourism respectively. As one cannot directly see into anothers head, methodological problems arise using Introspectionist techniques, a result of which can be seen in the foibles of much introspective psychology (such as Freudianism). Behaviourism holds that any mental events are outside the realm of empirical science ergo, it is now the brain which is the focus, as opposed to the mind. (Clark, 2008) References Candland, D. K. (2004). What Is Mind? No Matter. What Is Matter? Never Mind. Mind Is Matter Psychology Better Mind. Psyccritiques, 49(Suppl 2), doi10. 1037/040007 Clark, T. (2008) Is there and Difference between the Mind and the Brain? Research, Science http//www. scribd. com/doc/2451851/Is-There-a-Difference-Between-the-Mind-and-Brain. Gabbard, G. O. (2005). Mind, brain, and personality disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(4), 648-55. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/220501257? accountid=32521 Greenfield, S. (2002). Mind, Brain and Consciousness. The British Journal of Psychiatry,

Female Genital Mutilation in the Middle East and North Africa Essay

Values and beliefs of a certain hostelry gutter be illumined through the tralatitious cultural puts that a lot span from one generation to an another(prenominal). Globally, every social group has its own usanceal cultural practices that are considered to be beneficial for the community. However, there are more instances that such practices may be harmful for some groups, most especially for women. Terrible traditional cultural practices are committed directly against egg-producing(prenominal)s somewhat the world. condescension the atrocities of such practices and its violation against human rights, many women-violent practices still exist and are prevalent in other countries.One of the most prevalent forms of harmful traditional practices is the Female genital Mutilation (FGM) (Office of the utmost Commisioner of Human Rights-United Nations Organization OHCR-UNOG). The pervasiveness of FGM is attributed to peoples inability to question the morality of such action that shou ld be addressed to those who practice female venereal mutilation. As such, despite of the interventions of many international communities, in order to achieve gender equality, women are still violated and continue to be denied of various human rights.Hence, it can be perceived that many traditional cultural practices, including female genital mutilation is carried out(p) for the benefit of the male populace (OHCR-UNOG). historic Background of Female Genital Mutilation Female genital mutilation (FGM), also hit the sackn as female circumcision or female genital trackting, involves procedures that are touch in the partial or overall removal of the females external genitalia, or the infliction of injury to the genital organs of female for non-medical reasons. more(prenominal) often than not, the practice is performed by traditional circumcisers who are believed to play a significant procedure in the community where they belong. However, records have indicated that FGM is also car ried out by medically trained professionals (World Health Organization WHO). FGM is considered to be an age-old practice existent in various communities globally be constitute it is known to be a consumption (OHCR-UNOG). However, FGMs origin has not been headspring established. Certain theories indicate that female genital mutilation predates male mutilation (Davis 158 qtd.in Lightfoot-Klein). In one study, it was shown that FGM occurred in areas that are considered to be restricted to the rest of the world which includes Islamic, Semitic and Christian nations. It was contemplated that the more ancient a custom or belief, the more universally it is found (Lightfoot-Kline). All throughout history, reports regarding female circumcision has been existent. The very first historical reference of FGM can be traced from the literature of Herotodus, who wrote that FGM already existed during 5th century BC in Ancient Egypt.He even pointed out that the practice had its beginnings in Egypt o r Ethiopia because FGM has been performed by Ethiopians, Phoenicians, and Hitties (Taba qtd. in Lightfoot-Kline). One Greek papyrus dated 163 BC found in the British museum indicated that circumcisions were performed on girls by the time they received dowries. Different authors claimed that FGM was practiced by early Romans and Arabs (Kline). Methods employed in order to repress womens sexuality has been well recorded in history.In ancient Rome, women slaves are required to wear metal rings which were passed through the labia minora in order to prevent procreation. During the absence of their husbands, women from medieval England wore chastity belts to avoid promiscuity. Tsarist Russia, as well as France, America, and France during the 19th century already practice clitoridectomy while evidences from mummified bodies of ancient Egypt indicate that deletion and infibulation has been performed, thereby giving rise to the existence of pharaonic circumcision (OHCR-UNOG).Types of Female Genital Mutilation Various emblems of female genital mutilation are performed depending on the cultural history and traditions of a certain community. Basically there are three common types of FGM (1) Type one or Sunna circumcision. Sunna is an Arabic term which means tradition in English. This form of FGM is done by removing the prepuce or the clitoris tip. (2) Type two also called as clitoridectomy or excision is widely practiced in Egypt. This procedure involves the removal of the whole clitoris including the prepuce, glans and the adjacent labia.(3) Type three which is ordinarily referred to as infibulation or pharaonic circumcision is the procedure comm exactly applied in Sudan and Somalia. Considered as the most dramatic type of FGM, infibulation, which literally means to fasten with a clip or buckle, involves not only the removal of the clitoris and the nearby labia, but also include the sewing of remaining parts of vulva with the use of a catgut or thread. Such form of m utilation leaves only a tiny hole in the female genital that serves as a passage for the urine and menstrual blood.Women who are infibulated are cut expand during their wedding night in order to perform sexual intercourse. However, right after the act, they are sewn again in order to avoid infidelity. more than often than not, the groom is responsible for opening the brides sewn genitalia with the use of a double-edged dagger. in that location are some instances that women are cut open and are sewn back together during the time of their separation with their husbands. (4) The remaining type of FGM which is categorized as type four mutilation includes procedures that inflict scathe to the female genitalia.Such form of mutilation may range from piercing, pricking, and stretching of labia or clitoris burning of the clitoris and other tissues of the genitalia through cauterization dough of vaginal orifice vaginal cutting placing corrosive substances to cause vaginal bleeding, and t he introduction of herbal substances to narrow or tighten the vagina (Rosenthal). The most common type of FGM is the clitoral and labia minora excision which constitutes about 80% of all FGM consequence.However, infibulation is considered as the most extreme form which accounts to 15% of all the mutilation procedures (Steiner, Alston, and Goodman,). The Cultural and Religious Tie tenderness East and African Areas Located Above the Equator The principle of female genital mutilation is prevalent in the societies of African territory. The extent of such phenomena can be seen in 25 countries of Africa. Infibulation is widely performed in areas including Djibouti, Mali, Somalia, selected parts of Ethiopia, Egypt and the northern region of Sudan.Meanwhile, excision and circumcision are evident in Benin, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Gambia, Cote dIvoire, Chad, Guinea, Guinnea-Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Uganda, Togo and other a reas in the United Republic of Tanzania (OHCR-UNOG). Currently, WHO estimated that annually about three million African girls are at risk for female genital mutilation and about 92 million of the female populace, age 10 years and above have already undergone mutilation.The prevalence of FGM in the said areas is associated primarily with myths and the ignorance of people towards biological, medical, and unearthly perspectives. As noted by Hanny Lighfoot-Klein The clitoris is perceived as repulsive, filthy, foul smelling, dangerous to the life of the emerging new born, and hazardous to the health and potency of the husband (Lightfoot-Klein, n. p. ). bulk of African countries adhere to such beliefs that it has been well embraced and became a value, causing FGM to become a customary practice over time.In Sudan, the clitoris is believe to levy to the length of the neck of a goose long enough to dangle between the legs which could rival the male penis if left uncut. Such concept influen ces the cognizance of males, thereby reinforcing them not to marry a woman who is uncircumcised or unclean (Lightfoot-Klein). Among the Bambaras in Mali, it is widely viewed that once the clitoris touches the head of a squirt being born, automatically the child will die. As the clitoris is considered to be the male characteristic of females, its removal is seen as an action that would result in the enhancement of femininity.In Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia, females are imposed to undergo mutilation in order to control their sexuality and ensure their virginity until marriage ceremony and their chastity right after (OHCR-UNOG). Because childbearing and marriage are the only options for most of African women, majority of them are forced to submit themselves to the practice genital mutilation which they also have to pass on to their daughters (Lightfoot-Klein). The institutionalization of elderly system within the society also plays a significant role in the perpetration of FGM .In ancient Mesopotamia, the code of Hammurabi embarked the presence of some features of patriarchate in public veiling and sexual repression of women. It was utter in the code that fathers were entitled to treat his daughters virginity as a family property asset. payable to this system, women were categorized as respectable, meaning they were chaste and conforming, and disreputable, which translates to low class or slaves. As a result, women who bowed to the system benefited from it by securing their own safety as well as that of their children.However, they became the steadfast advocates of the system, thereby imposing it to their daughters. Present-day Africans follow the same patriarchal outlook. Female circumcision is then performed to the daughters of the women, who, during the time they were young, experienced mutilation. Although perceived by many as a violation against human rights, the practice is defended by the women themselves because they consider it as an essential part of their tradition that ensures the social standing of their family in the community they belong (Lighfoot-Klein).The existence of patriarchal society is attributed to economic reasons. Historically, fathers are known to be keen in identifying their real children, in order to know who is going to handle his property. Hence, it could be perceived that the establishment of systems including moral and religious values, as well as legal aspects became an imperative in order to comfort the economic interests that uphold the society. In this regard, it is hard to abandon a custom that benefits the economic interest not only of the family but the whole society as well.The existence of such system guarantees profit for many, thereby catapulting dayas and medical practitioners to resist changes in the practice of female genital mutilation. Likewise, the family woman can gain immense bride price if she is mutilated by the time of the marriage. more(prenominal)over, women continuously submit themselves to FGM for the fear that their husbands will divorce them for a second wife. This perspective serves as a flagellum for the women in the society who have no economic recourse and access to own properties and relies only on the bride price gold that she wears on her body. As such, it can be concluded that female genital mutilation is the result of the economic interest permeating within the society (Lightfoot-Klein). While many experts hold that female genital mutilation is an African custom, there are few reports regarding the existence of FGM in the center field Eastern territory. This is understandable because it is difficult to study sexual relations in societies of Middle East. Almost everything regarding sexuality and personal matters are kept in private sphere.Likewise, books and research pertaining to Middle Eastern sexual habits are almost non-existent or at the most, heavily guarded by the comprehensive rules based from the Islamic law. However, recent finding from northern Iraq suggests that FGM is also practiced widely in societies outside of Africa. The case study of Iraqi Kurdistan served as an instructive case. In 2003, a German-Austrian NGO called WADI took the initiative to take medical and social support to the women in Kurdish areas. More than a year later, women who received support spoke about the practice of FGM.It was found out that Kurds used the sunna circumcision and were performed by midwives. Subsequent studies found out that of 1,544 women, 907 had undergone FGM, which further suggests that 60% of the population view mutilation as a normal practice. The discovery in Iraqi Kurdistan debunks the assumption that FGM is solely an African practice. As Fran Hosken quoted There is little doubt that similar practicesexcision, child marriage, and putting rock salt into the vagina of women after childbirthexist in other parts of the Arabian Peninsula and around the Persian Gulf (Hosken 278 qtd in Osten Sacken, and Uwer).T he absence of medical records tackling FGM in the whole region does not necessarily mean that the Middle Eastern territories are open from female circumcision. Such issue is left undetected due to the lack of freedom to permit formal studies regarding the subject. Taboo also plays a significant role in the undercutting of researches in Arab nations. Many scholars and NGO in Arab countries prohibits the criticism predominant culture of Arabs and Muslims.Because of these findings many questions were raised by the critics of FGM, one of which is whether the said phenomena is a religious issue in the Middle East (Osten-Sacken and Uwer). Many Muslims and academics from the West claim that FGM is not based from religion rather it is a practice shaped by culture (Simonet qtd in Osten-Sacken and Uwer). However, in a village level, the people who are committed to the practice perceive the action as mandate by the religion. Although the law of Islam does not have any justifications regarding FGM, many Islamic clerics in the Northern part of Iraq advise women to undergo mutilation.If the women wish to abandon such practice, she must offend the consequence of appearing disreputable in the eyes of the public (Mackie qtd ini Osten-Sacken and Uwer). near Islamic scholars may disagree with FGM but others refer to the mention of FGM in the Hadith as a defense for the persistence of such practice in Middle East. The claim was further sufficed by the Islamic law specialist Sami Aldeeb Abu Salieh when he stated The most often mentioned narration reports a debate between Muhammed and Um Habibah (or Um Atiyyah).This woman, known as an exciser of female slaves, was one of a group of women who had immigrated with Muhammed. Having seen her, Muhammad asked her if she kept practicing her profession. She answered affirmatively, adding unless it is forbidden, and you order me to gag rule doing it. Muhammed replied Yes, it is allowed. Come closer so I can teach you if you cut, do not overdo it, because it brings more radiance to the face, and it is more pleasant for the husband. (Aldeeb Abu Sahlieh 575-622 qtd in Osten- Sacken and Uwen).Aldeeb Abu Sahliehs claim is further reinforced by other Islam scholars by stating that Islam condones sunna circumcision but not the pharaonic circumcision (Omer qtd in Osten-Sacken and Uwen), and that since the prophet Muhammad does not condemn the act, thereby making it permissible and cannot be outlawed (Aldeeb Abu Sahlieh qtd in Osten-Sacken). Ultimately, the practice of female genital mutilation in the Middle East may have its roots in the cultural scope of the region. However, its religious ties cannot be disregarded. Effects of Female Genital MutilationThe implications of FGM can be short-term and long term. The immediate consequences of the practice are hemorrhage, discerning pain and infection. The infections are ordinarily acquired from the usage of unsterilized instruments performed in unhygienic areas and introduct ion of substances. The infections may range from tetanus, general septicamea, chronic pelvic infections, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Recently the transfer of HIV has also been a concern for the FGM researchers (OHCR-UNOG). Obstetric complications are also common among mutilated women.Pregnant mutilated woman put the life of her child in danger because the fetus is at risk of acquiring infectious disease. Likewise, the head of the child may be lowly during the oral communication due to damaged birth canal. Furthermore, infibulated women are needed to be opened during child birth and are commonly reinfibulated after every delivery resulting to the scarring of the genitals. Cyst commonly referred to as epidermal clitoral inclusion cyst may also develop among women who undergo type 3 FGM (Rosenthal). Female Genital Mutilation has also psychological implications.These include sexual phobias, depression, and lack of libido which result in the premature ejaculation among wome ns partners, personality disorders like rebellion which may finally lead to psychiatric disorders (Rosenthal). Some evidences indicate that children who undergo FGM experience recurring nightmares (OHCR-UNOG). The socio-economic problems associated with FGM include higher divorce rate and drug abuse which are commonly associated with the males. It was found out that a male with mutilated wife has the tendency of using narcotics to give sexual pleasure to his wives (Rosenthal).Response to Female Genital Mutilation In 1997, World Health Organization (WHO) together with United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) issued accounts against the continuous practice of female genital mutilation. By 2008, a new statement was issued supporting the increased advocacy of tout ensemble condemning FGM which was backed heavily backed by more countries of the United Nation. The 2008 statement include data concerning the past and present practice of FGM.The st atement also gave emphasis on the increased recognition of human rights and provided evidences regarding the extent of the issue. The damaging do of FGM were also presented in order to affect changes in the public policy. From 1997, various government and non-government organizations both in the international and local levels ratified laws abandoning FGM (WHO). Conclusion base on the study, it is apparent that female genital mutilation predominantly place women in a disadvantaged position. Immense cultural pressure is considered to be the root cause of FGM.However, based from several findings, religion also serves as an encouragement for the existence of such practice. The impact of FGM does not only affect women but also the society where it is widely recognized as a custom. Although, international interventions reduced the prevalence of FGM in African regions during the past years, its practice may not be totally eliminated if practicing communities will not abandon the act itse lf. Hence, organizations as well as government agencies should further promote awareness regarding the issue of FGM. Works Cited Lighfoot-Klein, Hanny.Prisoners of ritual Some contemporary developments in the history of female genital mutilation. The Female Genital Mutilation Cutting Education And Networking Project. 30 April-03 May 1991. 10 December 2008 . Office of the High Commisioner of Human Rights-United Nations Organization. Fact sheet no. 23, harmful traditional practices affecting the health of women and children. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2008. 10 December 2008 .Osten-Sacken, Thomas and Uwer, Thomas. Is female genital mutilation an Islamic problem? The Middle East Quarterly. 2007. 10 December 2008 http//www. meforum. org/article/1629_ftn38. Rosenthal, Sara. The Gynecological Sourcebook. Chicago, IL McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. Steiner, Henry, Alston, Philip and Goodman, Ryan. International Human Rights in Context Law, Politics, morals Test A nd Materials. New York Oxford University Press US, 2008 World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation. May 2008. 10 December 2008 .

Criminal Justice Court System

Is the American crook referee placement consecutive(p) to all citizens? If asked this question, many quite a little would go both ways. Some concourse would say its uncontaminating, while others would accuse it of being unfair. There atomic number 18 many cogitates to wherefore it would be fair but there atomic number 18 to a fault many reasons to why it would be unfair. Many bulk would say that the American criminal justice system is fair is for many reasons. One reason is that every(prenominal) single person has certain sets no matter what. These are known as Miranda sounds or the Miranda warnings.Law enforcement is required to administer these rights to protect any individual who is in custody and discomfit to direct questioning. If these warnings arent read, its seen as a misdemeanour of the persons Fifth Amendment rights. Some of these warnings or rights include the right to remain dim and the right to stop answering questions at any time until you talk to yo ur attorney. This is fair because it protects people against self incrimination. Another example that shows the lividity of the American criminal justice system is the right to counsel or the right to an attorney.The sixth amendment states that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to have the assistance of counsel for his or her defense. If a defendant is not able to afford and attorney, one will be appointed to them. Another fair thing astir(predicate) the criminal justice system in America is the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule pr heretoforets law enforcement from using most reason gathered in violation of the United Sates Constitution. It applies to evidence gained from an unreasonable search and seizure.The exclusionary rule would prevent a prosecutor from introducing at trial evidence seized during an illegal search. One more reason why people would call the American criminal justice system fair is because of the drug judgeships. These ar e courts that handle nonviolent substance abusing offenders. They are caper solving courts that go away in which many communities work together to help nonviolent offenders find restoration in recovery and become productive citizens. term some people would call the criminal justice system fair, many people would say just the opposite.One unfair part of the criminal justice system is the goal penalty. The closing penalty is for the people who commit horrible crimes and are put to death because of it. It is unfair because sometimes, necessitous people are convicted and put to death when they werent even the ones who did something wrong. The jury can whole do so much and it can sometimes be wrong which is why the system call for to be minute about putting people to death. Another thing about the criminal justice system that could be seen as unfair is the supplication deal.A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case where the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a partic ular charge in fall down for something uniform a lesser sentence for example. Its seen as unfair because sometimes even innocent people plead guilty because they feel want they have no way out. Another example of the criminal justice system not being fair is the right to certain lawyers. Its true that if you cannot afford an attorney, you are appointed one but its not fair that the good attorneys cost a lot of money.What if an innocent person could only afford an attorney who wasnt very good and that person was convicted guilty? One more unfair thing of the criminal justice system is racial profiling. Racial profiling is the use of an individuals race as of key factor in deciding whether or not to engage in enforcement. This is unfair because it could lead to unfair stereotypes or false assumptions. If someone asked me if I thought the American criminal justice system was fair, I would tell them yes.There are many unfair parts about the criminal justice system but I think that th ere are many more fair qualities about it. I like that everyone has similar or the same rights when being accused no matter what. I like that a certain court can help people put their lives back together instead of sending them to live with dangerous criminals. I also like that certain rules pull back sure law enforcement cannot violate any of the amendments. I would say the American criminal justice system is fair.Criminal Justice judicial system SystemIs the American criminal justice system fair to all citizens? If asked this question, many people would go both ways. Some people would say its fair, while others would accuse it of being unfair. There are many reasons to why it would be fair but there are also many reasons to why it would be unfair. Many people would say that the American criminal justice system is fair is for many reasons. One reason is that every single person has certain rights no matter what. These are known as Miranda rights or the Miranda warnings.Law enforc ement is required to administer these rights to protect any individual who is in custody and subject to direct questioning. If these warnings arent read, its seen as a violation of the persons Fifth Amendment rights. Some of these warnings or rights include the right to remain silent and the right to stop answering questions at any time until you talk to your attorney. This is fair because it protects people against self incrimination. Another example that shows the fairness of the American criminal justice system is the right to counsel or the right to an attorney.The sixth amendment states that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to have the assistance of counsel for his or her defense. If a defendant is not able to afford and attorney, one will be appointed to them. Another fair thing about the criminal justice system in America is the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule prevents law enforcement from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United Sates Constitution. It applies to evidence gained from an unreasonable search and seizure.The exclusionary rule would prevent a prosecutor from introducing at trial evidence seized during an illegal search. One more reason why people would call the American criminal justice system fair is because of the drug courts. These are courts that handle nonviolent substance abusing offenders. They are problem solving courts that operate in which many communities work together to help nonviolent offenders find restoration in recovery and become productive citizens. While some people would call the criminal justice system fair, many people would say just the opposite.One unfair part of the criminal justice system is the death penalty. The death penalty is for the people who commit horrible crimes and are put to death because of it. It is unfair because sometimes, innocent people are convicted and put to death when they werent even the ones who did something wrong. The jury can only do so much and it can sometimes be wrong which is why the system needs to be careful about putting people to death. Another thing about the criminal justice system that could be seen as unfair is the plea bargain.A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case where the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for something like a lesser sentence for example. Its seen as unfair because sometimes even innocent people plead guilty because they feel like they have no way out. Another example of the criminal justice system not being fair is the right to certain lawyers. Its true that if you cannot afford an attorney, you are appointed one but its not fair that the good attorneys cost a lot of money.What if an innocent person could only afford an attorney who wasnt very good and that person was convicted guilty? One more unfair thing of the criminal justice system is racial profiling. Racial profiling is the use of an individuals race as of key factor in deciding whether or not to engage in enforcement. This is unfair because it could lead to unfair stereotypes or false assumptions. If someone asked me if I thought the American criminal justice system was fair, I would tell them yes.There are many unfair parts about the criminal justice system but I think that there are many more fair qualities about it. I like that everyone has similar or the same rights when being accused no matter what. I like that a certain court can help people put their lives back together instead of sending them to live with dangerous criminals. I also like that certain rules make sure law enforcement cannot violate any of the amendments. I would say the American criminal justice system is fair.

Aviation Essay

I am an individual wanting much(prenominal) more than than just the usual learning that is taken from lower-level of education. My wanting for excellence has made it possible for me to want something more from myself. Undeniably, the different assessments that I have made upon myself as an individual has made me more interested in the progress that I could still make e a much better individual in the field that I am involved with a present. As a professional involved in the industry of aviation, I aim for better instructions that could assist me in becoming a better manager of the staff in my chosen field.Aviation, compared to other types of transportation is a serious industry that involves much more systematic approach in management and organization. For this reason, I know that simply meaning to know what management is is not enough for this section of the learning. being in the industry of aviation is a serious task to consider. This is the reason why further learning has bee n my option which I know would equip me with the necessitate knowledge that I ought to use in my profession later on.Through the said learning that I am call foring to receive from the institution, I do expect to have a larger scope and possibilities of employment later on. I do believe that with better knowledge on the field that I am specializing at, I am sure to receive more competent skills that would help me in acquiring the right level of employment that I deserve. The ways by which I would be applying what I learn is the primary key in increasing the possibilities of employment that I am to face in the future.

Chem Paper

www. moalims. com KBSE Guess Paper IX Biology 2010 NEW PATTERN Section A (Multiple Choice Question) Q. 1. Prepare multiple choice questions from your textual matter book. Section B (Short Questions Answer Zoology) Q. 2. restore the pastime ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Physiology Ecology Cytology Taxonomy Palaeontology Genetics Bio-Chemists Embryology OR salvage contributions of Al-Farabi, Ibn-Al-Haitham, Bu-Ali Sina in the field of Biology. Q. 3. Write contributions of Galileo, Robbert Hook, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Greogor John Mendal, Watson and wrick in the field of Biology.OR Write two verses about the origin of life. OR pass the structure and functions of the Nucleolus. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com Q. 4. Draw and tidy and labelled diagram of the digestive System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled of the Respiration System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the adaxial view of Heart of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the Brain of Frog. Q. 5. D escribe five kingdom classification Margulus and schwartz. OR Describe the structure and characteristics of Virus. OR Write quatern common characteristics of the following. ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Phylum Protozoa Phylum Porifera Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda OR Write quadruplet common characteristics of the following ? Class Pisces www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? ? ? ? Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Q. 6. Write down four functions of the blood. OR Name three important arteries of the arterial System. OR What is Exoskeleton? Name two phyla of animals having exoskeleton. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the structure of human pith. OR Write the name calling of either three Endocrine Glands. Also preserve the name of one harmone secreted by distributively of them.Q. 7. Write short note on the following ? ? ? ? ? Heroin cocain Marijuana Nicotine Alcohol Q. 8. coiffure the following ? Variations www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? ? ? ? Crossing Over Biosphere Eco-System Predation Q. 9. Write short note on the following ? ? ? Thread Worm colorful Fluke Round Worm Section B (Short Answer Questions Bot whatever) placard Answer any SEVEN Question from this Section. Each Question carries (03) Marks. Q. 10. Define the following ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Biological Method Hypothesis Theory Bio-Technology Experiment Result Deduction Observation Q. 11. Define Genetic Engineering. ww. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR Write on function of each of the following. ? ? ? ? ? ? Mitochondria Golgi Bodies Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Centriole Vacuole Q. 12. What are Plastids? Describe any TWO types of Plastids. OR Write five differences surrounded by prokaryotic cell and a Eukaryotic cell. OR Define Tissue. Write the names of four types of Plant Tissues and describe them briefly. OR Write two functions of each of the following. ? ? ? Root Stem Leaf Q. 13. State the following part of a Brassica Flower. ? ? ? Cal yx Corolla Androceium www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? GyneociumOR Draw neat and labelled diagram showing the internal structures of a Rod-Shaped Bacterium. OR Define the following ? ? ? ? Pyrenoid Isogany Mycellium Hyphae OR Write four salient features of cynobacteria (blue-green algae). Q. 14. Write four characteristics of Fungi. OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of the internal structure of chlamydomones. OR Write four general characteristics of Bryophytes, Tracheophytes. OR Write three points of differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. OR With the help of a labelled diagram explain the structure of Adiantum, Ptris. Q. 15. Write three points between Monocot and Dicot. OR www. oalims. com www. moalims. com Write four importance o Vascular Plants. OR Define the following ? ? ? ? Parasits Saprophytes Insectivorous Plants Symbionts Q. 16. What is Pollination? Name its two types. OR Write advantages and disadvantages of Vegetative propagation. OR Write down four types of bacteria on the basis of nutrition and write twobeneficial and two harmful aspects of bacteria. OR Define the following terms ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Alleles Hybrid Allelomorph Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype Dominant Character www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? Recessive Character Q. 17. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.OR Why is vegetative propagation ideal for growers? OR Define Photosynthesis? Write its chemical equation. OR How the excretion in plants is different from animals. OR Define Ecosystem and write the names of its components. Section C (Discriptive Questions Answer Zoology) NOTE Attempt TWO questions from this Section. Q. 18. Define Biogenesis and Abiogenesis and describe Needham, Louis Pastures Experiment. OR Define Mitosis and Write the names of four phases of Mitosis. Q. 19. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Arterial System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the Eye of Frog. Q. 20.Define Metamorphosis and describe its two types. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR What is meant by Flora and Faunn? Write a short note on the Funna of Pakistan. Q. 21. Describe the process of digestion in Man. OR Define the term Ventilation. Q. 22. Draw two neat and labelled diagrams of showing the two stages of Ventilation i. e. inspiration and expiration in the Human respiratory System. OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of the structure of human heart. OR Draw a labelled diagram of L. S. of human kidney. Q. 23. Draw and neat and labelled diagram of Human Brain. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Human Eye, Human Ear.OR Describe the process of agamic in Animal. OR Describe the process of reproduction and development in Frog. Q. 24. Describe Watson and Crick model of DNA. OR Describe Lamarcks theory of evolution in detail. OR www. moalims. com www. moalims. com Describe Darwins theory of evolution in detail. OR Write in detail Abiotic components of Ecosystem. OR Define the following ? ? ? Carbon Cycle piddle Cycle Nitrogen Cycle OR Write short note on the following ? ? ? Bacteria Protozoa Viruses Q. 25. Write short note on the following ? ? ? ? Influenza Poliomyelitis Measles AIDS OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of human tooth.Section C (Discriptive Questions Answer Botany) www. moalims. com www. moalims. com NOTE Attempt TWO questions from this Section. Q. 26. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Root, Stem, Leaf. OR Explain the structure of Nostoc with the help of labelled diagram. OR What are heteropic plants? Write short notes on saprophytes and Insectivorous plants. OR With the help of diagram describe and experiment to show. ? ? ? Carbon Dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. Oxygen gas is evolved during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis. OR Which factors are necessary for photosynthesis? Describe them. OR How A. T.P formed in a cell? Explain. OR Write two similarities between respiration and burning and two differences between photosynthesis and respiration. Q. 27. Define Transpiration. Write five factors affecting the rate of transpiration. OR With the help of diagram describe the physical properties of Xylum. OR Define two types of movements in plants and give one example of them. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR Describe Asexual Reproduction in plant. OR What is mean by dispersal of Seeds and Fruits? Describe any two methods of dispersal of Seeds and Fruits. OR Describe Mendels Law of Segregation in detail. www. moalims. com

Airport ownership

Airport as being fully privately owned enterprise is very strategic problem. There were a lot of conferences, dedicated to this problem, which tried to examine and study experience of world practice of privatizing and shareholding of carriageports as one of means to increase potence of work in conditions of market relations.Some countries cannot make airports being fully privately owned enterprises because they dont have legal securing in judicatureal office of usage airports.Absences of legalized documents which give right of steering by governmental property dont give opportunity to attract foreign investors, limit evolution of non-aviation activity, and create a lot of separate problems. So, holding such conferences is a good opportunity to determine conditions of reforms in civil aviation and to analyze outgrowth of business in airports.Nowadays integration processes and economic reforms which take place in Europe create qualitative new situation in the field of air tran sport. In these conditions coordination of efforts in the country, forming of legal regulations and regulation of activity of aircraft companies, airports and other organizations of this field, directed at guaranteeing of safety flights and protection of customers interests is very important.During last dozen of years more(prenominal) then one hundred of governmental aircraft enterprises and airports were made fully privately owned enterprises in Russia it is more then in countries of Europe, USA and Canada. In the unite States the attempts to privatize airports are more successful working with small airports (Robert Poole and Adrian Moore p.2)There was a possibility to exact an airport a little bit earlier. Actually, anybody was able to rent an airport, runway, avian stations, etc anybody who paid more. Airport didnt have any advantage during that rent. The tasks of leaser, which doesnt care of airports problems, are easy to understand to get at higher profit from lease. And nobody knows how the leaser allow take care of that leased property.Aircraft Company, on the contrary, is interested in maintenance of that property on necessary level, because it gets main funds from take-off and landing. (Robert W. Poole p.3)We came to conclusion also that making airport fully privately owned enterprise shouldnt be made by impulse. It takes years in the European countries to get all permissions to make airport privately owned.Some aircraft companies consider purchase of airports to be very profitable. For example, Austrian Airlines pans to buy airport of Bratislava (Slovakia). The bet it that Bratislavas airport is located 20 km from Vienna and Austrians want to use this airport as dispersal field. Besides, Slovakia enters European Union and metre of flight to Bratislava can be increased. Austrians hope to become the main airline not only in Austria, but in neighbor Slovakia.Indian government also decided to give green light to make two biggest governmental ai rports fully privately owned enterprises, which are located in administrative capital of country New Delhi and financial capital Mumbai (the city, which was known as Bombay).The minister of civil Aviation Rajiv Pratap Rudy announced in September 11, 2003 that cabinet of ministers choose plans to sell 74 percent share holdings of both airports to private enterprises. Within eight months government will prepare to auction and to finish receiving of applications (Reuters agency p.1).Airports will be transformed in two separate companies, with partial participation of government. Accordingly, the companies will be made privately owned separately, with help of auctions. Airports Authority of India, AAI governmental department, which controls 130 airports in the whole territory of country, will keep 26 percent share holding as well as functions of safety and management of air movement. In such a way the airports will have opportunity to become huge international junctions and to start c ompete actively with other airports of regions, as well as between themselves.

Nike Brand Equity

Case 6 Nike Ce little(prenominal) Valk MKTG 4082 10/29/12 To answer question one its important to not that Nike has created a rattling powerful impression in the minds of consumers in America. Nike wanted consumers to see it as an innovative brand that produces sack up of the line performance gear that was associated with very powerful and important athletes (mostly males). Their profile users are represented as famous athletes such as Michael Jordan or Tiger Woods. The athletes reflected the brand personalities such as competitive, winners, strong, and better than the rest.This to a fault is a way for Nike to aim credibility and quality. With the Air Jordan line, Nike sold over $100 million berth in the first course of instruction (129). Nikes sources of brand equity hit all the way to the carrousel of the CBBE pyramid for American consumers. Within the first two years alone Nike had 50% of the market partake for acrobatic shoes. Salience is huge with the Nike logo. About 9 7% of Americans were able to recognize the Nike logo in 2000 (139). mental imagery and performance were the of import points that Nike stressed with its brand when it advertised itself.Nike stresses its performance as a main central point. Nike has been able to fulfill individual needs or judgments such as self-respect and self-confidence (which you obtain when wearing shoes that the athletes wear). It fulfills needs that are more difficult to articulate such as the friendly needs for power and belonging. Resonance is obtained through the athletic communities Nike has built such as the relationships that were built with the athletes on Nikes behalf as good as the consumers behalf with the Air Jordan line.It doesnt surprise me that Europeans had a need of respect for the Nike brand as stated in question two. To start off, Europe didnt feature the same view on certain sports as well as the fact that their athlete idols were different. Second, athletic shoe specialty stores didn t til now exist there. Third, their culture is different than the American culture so naturally there are going to be some ways in which Nike is unappealing to their pagan values. Nike was seen as an aggressive, arrogant, and intimidating brand due to its strong advertising and the message of power and performance.This advertising proficiency and these values stimulateed in America, but not so well in Europe. Europeans were more traditional and less competitive. Some TV channels even ref utilise to air the Nike vs. Evil advertisements. To change these views Nike contumacious to create an image in the consumers minds to be seen as culturally, personally, and geographically relevant to the consumers while keeping their logo and brand visit constant. Nike gained 90% control of the brand distribution in Europe to make sure that happened (133).Nike became more tough as a sponsor of sports leagues such as soccer and emphasizes its apparel in general. In 1997, Nike decided to also ad just its global branding strategy to tune down violent advertising techniques and resonated with regional interests. They used the two best-known athletes to create a sense of awareness and attachment to the brand globally. They even toned down the use of the swoosh logo and created product lines that were more company building and less aggressive to consumers.In Asia, more specifically, Nike used ads with athletes that were local to their culture and stayed away from the aggressive advertising they once used that gave them irreverence in Europe. They learned their lesson and knew they needed to start out with a soft advertising procession and increase their brand awareness. To answer Question three, I will emphasize a few main points. Nike is known for innovative products globally with their shoe lines, Shox or AirJordan, but their image tarnished slightly from the working situations they tack in Asia.The imagery and feelings surrounding Nike now for Americans may be weaker due to this. As Americans, we believe powerfully in independence, equality, and the privilege to have those. Nike basically took advantage of that and treated their employees in Asia with very little freedom and treated them unfairly. Even though the sweatshops scandal weakened the image of Nike in the minds of Americans, Nike is still are seen as a powerful brand that emphasizes performance, power, and gives its consumers a vision to be the best. The sweatshops weakened their image in the minds of Americans.As I stated before, aggressive advertisements work for Americans because we are a society that is so strongly attached to our sports, individualism, performance, and are competitive in general. However, as we saw in question 2 that approach doesnt work well globally. In order to appeal to the world, Nike needed to make some local adjustments as well as global changes for its brand. Europes brand equity sources stem mainly from its attachments to the soccer community and apparel lin e. In 1999 the companys soccer orders from Europe grew over 100% from the previous year (140).Nike has strong performance, salience, and even resonance in this respect. Although competition, Reebok, may have better imagery, Nike has worked hard to improve theirs in European minds and must be doing something right with numbers that impressive. In Asia, Nike has strong brand equity from its image, performance, and judgments. They didnt create such strong advertising techniques since they learned their lesson in Europe. This gave Asians a chance to see Nike in a positive light from the start, which makes their brand equity source from judgments and feelings better off the bat as compared to Europes brand equity sources.Asian sales led the stock price to more than $70/share for the first time ever. Even after the collapsed economy they were ordering Nike goods and Nike kept with them. From this one could judge they are loyal customers, which reaches the higher levels of the CBBE pyrami d (feelings and resonance). References Keller, Kevin Lane. Nike Building a Global Brand. Best Practice Cases in Branding Lessons from the Worlds Strongest Brands. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education/Prentice Hall, 2003. 125-47. Print.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

a report on practical traning taken at bhilai stigma prove, bhilai (c. g. ) submitted to - submitted by - prof. sandeep aysha rahman c goravanshi hod, eee submitted by - aysha rahman semester - 4th sem branch - galvanic & elect ronics engineering course- b. e. college- kruti institute of technology and engineering stance- nardaha,raipur (c. g. ) line up acknowledgement * certificate * introduction ab come out of the closet sail * bhilai nerve fructify * microbes of keen material * process scarper of bsp * galvanising rep transmission line shop * heavy maintainence electrical * caoutchouc * ending * bibilography acknoledgment I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to all people who, despite their hectic schedule managed to come on time to give lectures on their concerned atomic mo 18a of core competence, listened to my questionnaire patiently and dispelled my doubts th unmown interactive correspondence. I am indebted and very grateful to extend my thanks to Mr.Gaura v for all the knowledge they imparted to me and for making this bringing up a joyful learning experience. My sincere thanks to Mr. P. V. V. Pawan and Mr. Lokesh for helping me to do my training well. C E R T I F I C A T E This is to accept that the report of B. E. 4th Semester, BHILAI STEEL PLANT project submitted by AYSHA RAHMAN design Roll No. 3412509004 & readjustment No. AF0574 , carried out for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree in Bachelor of engine room in ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G. ), India. The project work as menti whizzd above is here by be recommended and forwarded for examination and evaluation. ________________________________ (Signature of Head of the department) Date STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED TypeOwned by State- avowed enterprise Public (NSE opinion poll, LSESAUD)Government of India diligence Steel Founded 1954 Headquarters New Delhi, India Key people C flipr a Shekhar Verma (Chairman) ProductionRevenue 13. 5 million metric tons/ stratum$9. 629 billion (2010) Net income 1. 520 billion (2010)Total assets $15. 655 billion (2010) Employees 131,910 (2006) Website http//www. sail. co. in/ Steel Authority of India special(a) A Maharatna Steel Authority of India special (SAIL) is the leading steel-making family among the top five juicyest profit earning corporate and peerless of fas screen out growing Public orbit Unit in India. It is a public welkin chore which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an ope valuation compevery.It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, causation, railway, automotive and self-denial in spitries and for sale in export markets. SAIL is also among the five Maharatnas of the countrys Central Public Sector Enterprises and is the 16th largest steel producer in the world. SAIL man ufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including risque and cold rolled sheets and c covers, galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural railway products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other demoralize steels.SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated plants and three special steel plants, located in the first place in the eastern and central regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials, including the Companys iron ore, limest i and dolomite mines. The company has the distinction of being Indias second largest producer of iron ore and of having the countrys second largest mines network. This gives SAIL a competitive edge in terms of toughietive availability of iron ore, limest hotshot, and dolomite which atomic number 18 in gifts for steel making.SAILs wide range of eagle-eyed and tied(p) steel products is much in demand in the domestic as well as the international market. This vital responsibility is carried o ut by SAILs own Central Marketing Organization (CMO) that transacts business through its network of 37 Branch Sales Offices string out across the four regions,25 DepartmentalWarehouses, 42 Consignment Agentsand 27 Customer Contact Offices. CMOs domestic marketing effort is supplemented by its ever widening network of rural dealers who meet the demands of the smallest customers in the opposedst corners of the country.SAILs International Trade Division (ITD), in New Delhi- an ISO 90012000 accredited unit of CMO, down the stairstakes exports of Mild Steel products and copper color conjure from SAILs five integrated steel plants. With technical and managerial expertise and know-how in steel making gained over four decades, SAILs Consultancy Division (SAILCON) at New Delhi offers services and consultancy to clients world-wide. SAIL has a well-equipped Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS) at Ranchi which helps to produce quality steel and mother new technologie s for the steel industry.Besides, SAIL has its own in-house Centre for Engineering and Technology (CET), Management Training represent (MTI) and Safety Organization at Ranchi. Our captive mines are under the control of the Raw Materials Division in Kolkata. The Environment Management Division and Growth Division of SAIL operate from their headquarters in Kolkata. possession and Management The Government of India owns about 86% of SAILs equity and retains voting control of the Company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its Maharatna status, enjoys solid operational and financial autonomy.MAJOR UNITS Integrated Steel whole shebangs * Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh * Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal * Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa * Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand * IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal Special Steel Plants * Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal * Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu * Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in K arnataka Joint Ventures * NTPC SAIL Power Company Pvt. limit (NSPCL) * Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt.Limited (BPSCL) * Mjunction Services Limited * SAIL-Bansal Service Centre Limited * Bhilai JP Cement Limited * Bokaro JP Cement Limited * SAIL MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt. ) Limited * S T Mining Company Pvt. Limited * International Coal Ventures Private Limited * SAIL SCI Shipping Pvt. Limited * SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon diligence Pvt. Limited * SAIL SCL Limited bHILAI STEEL PLANT The Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) a public sector undertaking run by the Steel Authority of India built with Soviet co-operation and technology, and began production in 1959.Located inBhilai,Chhattisgarh isIndias only producer ofsteelrails, and is a major producer of rails and heavy steel plates and structural components. In the 2004-05fiscal year, it is theSteel Authority of India Limiteds most profitable plant. This steel plant was set up with the help of the USSR. Nine time winner of Prime Ministers Trophy for best Integrated Steel Plant in the country. The plant is the sole supplier of the countrys longest rail tracks of 260 metres. With an annual production dexterity of 3. 53 MT of saleable steel, the plant also specializes in other products such as wire rods and merchandiser products. Since BSP is accredited with ISO 90012000 Quality Management System Standard, all saleable products of Bhilai Steel Plant come under the ISO umbrella. At Bhilai IS014001 have been awarded for Environment Management System in the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. It is the only steel plant to get certification in all these areas. The Plant is accredited with SA 8000 certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-18001 certification for Occupational health and safety.These internationally recognised certifications add value to Bhilais products the best organizations in the steel industry. Among the long list of national awards it has won, Bhilai has bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability awa rd for three consecutive long time. Bhilai Steel Plant manages a well intend township (Bhilainagar) which as 13 sectors. It was deliberately located in what was then regarded as a remote and backward rural area, profits being secondary to employment in the planning priorities of the time.BSP currently has closely 55,000 permanent workers on its direct pay-roll, of whom approximately three-fifths work inside the 17 square kilometer plant and the remainder for its associated mines and quarries, and for the purpose-built BSP township. This compares with a regular workforce of 63,400 in 1987. In addition, on any one day there are at present almostthing in the region of 8,000 contract workers employed by the plant and the township, and a further 3,500 4,000 employed by the mines. BSP has for some old age shown a profit, and is widely regarded as the most successful of those in the Indian public sector.It runs at its four million ton capacity produces cheaper steel, and has a record of considerably more harmonious industrial relations than any of the other state-run steel plants, and also than the vast majority of private sector factories which now surround it, and for which it served as a magnet. though local job creation was one of its main objectives,and though the principle was soon established that one member from every family which had relinquished land should have an automatic right to BSP employment, the local Chhattisgarhis were initially averse(p) recruits.Location Forty kms west of Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, along the Howrah-Mumbai railway line and the Great-Eastern highway, stands Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). root word of Raw Materials 1. Iron Ore . Dalli, Rajahara Mines 2. Lime Stone . Nandini Mines 3. Manganese . Balaghat Mines 4. Sinter . Sintering Plants (SP-2, SP-3) 5. Coke . Coke Ovens (Coke sorting plants) 6. convertor Slag . SMS l Captive minesIron-ore Dalli-Rajhara Iron Ore Complex, 80 kms from Bhilai Limestone Nandini , 23 kms from Bhilai Dolomite Hirri, 150 kms from Bhilai Coke Ovens BATT zero(prenominal) NO. OF OVENS OVEN HEIGHT(M) COAL HOLDING CAPACITY PER OVEN (T) USEFUL VOLUME PER OVEN CU. M. SP. HEAT CONSPN. KCAL/KG 1-8 65 4. 3 16. 8 21. 6 625-675 9&10 67 7. 0 32. 0 41. 6 625-675 Blast Furnaces * 3 of 1033 Cu m capacity from each one * 3 of 1719 Cu m capacity each * 1 of 2355 Cu m capacity Hot Metal Capacity 4. 70 MT / year action FLOW OF BSP PROCUCTS OF BSP A. FINISHED PRODUCTS Rail & Structural Mill Rails in 13m, 26m, 65/78 m length and welded panels of 130m / 260m length Indian Railways, Export Heavy Structurals Construction, Crane Rails, Cranes, Crossing sleepers, Broad cipher sleepers * merchant Mill Lt. Structurals, Engineering and Construction, Med. Rounds (Plain & TMT), Heavy rounds (Plain) * Wire Rod Mill Wire Rods- Plain Construction, Wire Rods- TMT, EQ Wire Rods Electrodes * Plate Mill Plates B inunct colorers, Defence, Railways, Ship building, LPG cylinders, Export B . SEMISBillets (from BBM), Re-rollers Blooms (from BBM), Narrow width slabs, CC Blooms, Killed Slabs C. Pig Iron Foun alter D. By Products Coal Chemicals, Ammonium Sulphate (Fertiliser) Tar and tar products, (Pitch, Naphthalene, Creosote Oil pathway Tar, Anthracene embrocate, Dephenolised oil, PCM etc. ), Benzol & its products (NG Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Solvent oil, By. Benzol etc. ), Processed Slag Granulated slag from CHSG Plants & SGP for cement manufacture. RODUCT-MIX TONNES/ANNUM Semis 5,33,000 Rail & Heavy Structural 7,50,000 Merchant Products (Angles, Channels, Round & TMT bars) 5,00,000Wire Rods (TMT, Plain & Ribbed) 4,20,000 Plates (up to 3600 mm wide) 9,50,000 Total merchantable steel 31,53,000 Requirements for producing of one ton of Hot Metal (Specific Consumption) Iron Ore. 459 Kg Lime Stone . 850 Kg(Depending on Sinter Usage) Manganese . 800 Kg(50% in burden) Sinter . 35 Kg Coke . 08 Kg ELECTRICAL RERAIP knock off JOB FLOW CHART PLANT RECEIPT & ISSUE AT ERS TESTING MACHINE & redundant PART ASSEMBLY COMMUTATOR WINDING & MAGNET TRANSFORMER VARNISHING TASKS done in ers * Assembles electrical separate such as alternators, generators, starting devices and switches fol unkepting schematic drawings, using hand, railway car and power tools. * Repairs and rebuilds defective mechanical parts in electric aims, generators and related equipment, using hand tools and power tools. * Tests for over raise uping, using step on it gauges and thermometers. * Rewinds coils on core age core is in slots, or make replacement coils, using coil- pull machine. Replaces defective parts such as coil leads, carbon brushes and connecting wires using soldering equipment. * Installs, secures and aligns parts using hand tools welding equipment and electrical meters. * Rewires electrical systems and repairs or replaces electrical accessories. * Reassembles repaired electric drives to specified requirements and ratings, using hand tools and electric meters. * Di sassembles defective units using hand tools. * Measures velocity, horsepower, r. p. m, amperage circuitry and voltage of units or parts using electrical meters and mechanical testing devices. Cuts and removes parts such as defective coils and insulation. * Adjusts working parts such as fan belt tension, voltage output, contacts and sp sound using hand tools and verifies corrections using gauges. * Tests charges and replaces batteries. * Inspects parts for wear or damage or reads work order or schematic drawings to determine required repairs. * Cuts and forms insulation and inserts insulation into armature, rotor coil or stator coil slots. * Refaces, reams and polishes commutators and machine parts to specified tolerances using machine tools. HEAVY MAINTENANCE ELECTRICALS MAINTENANCE OF forceSThe key to minimizing locomote problems is schedule enactment management and service. The frequency of crook service varies widely between drills. Including the force backs in the maint enance schedule for the drive machine or general plant equipment is usually sufficient. A travel may require spare or more frequent attention if a breakdown would behave health or safety problems, severe loss of production, damage to expensive equipment or other unsafe losses. Written records indicating date, items inspected, service performed and aim condition are eventful to an effective routine maintenance program.From such records, specific problems in each application potful be identified and solved routinely to avoid breakdowns and production losses. The routine inspection and servicing shadow chiefly be done without disconnectioning or disassembling the tug. It involves the following factors Dirt and Corrosion 1. Wipe, brush, vacancy or blow accumulated shite from the frame and air passages of the push back. Dirty motors run raging when three-ply dirt insulates the frame and clogged passages reduce cooling air flow. Heat reduces insulation life and lastly c auses motor failure. 2. Feel for air being discharged from the cooling air ports.If the flow is weak or unsteady, internal air passages are probably clogged. Remove the motor from service and clean. 3. check over for signs of wearing. Serious corrosion may indicate internal deterioration and/or a require for external repainting. Schedule the removal of the motor from service for complete inspection and possible rebuilding. 4. In wet or corrosive environments, cave in the conduit box and check for deteriorating insulation or corroded terminals. Repair as pauperismed. Lubrication Lubricate the bearings only when schedule or if they are noisy or running hot.Do NOT over-lubricate. Excessive poop and oil hits dirt and can damage bearings. Heat, kerfuffle and Vibration Feel the motor frame and bearings for exuberant heat or cycle. Listen for abnormal ruffle. All indicate a possible system failure. Promptly identify and authorise the source of the heat, noise or vibration. Win ding Insulation When records indicate a tendency toward periodic eddy failures in the application, check the condition of the insulation with an insulation electrical resistance test. such testing is particularly important for motors operated in et or corrosive atmospheres or in high ambient temperatures. Brushes and Commutators (DC Motors) 1. Observe the brushes while the motor is running. The brushes essential ride on the commutator smoothly with little or no sparking and no brush noise (chatter). 2. Stop the motor. Be certain that * The brushes move freely in the holder and the spring tension on each brush is about follow. * Every brush has a polished go up over the full working face indicating good seating. * The commutator is clean, smooth and has a polished brown surface where the brushes ride.NOTE always put each brush back into its original holder. Interchanging brushes decreases commutation ability. * There is no grooving of the commutator (small grooves around th e perimeter of the commutator). If there is grooving, remove the motor from service immediately as this is a symptomatic indication of a very serious problem. 3. Replace the brushes if there is any chance they leave alone non last until the coterminous inspection date. 4. If accumulating, clean foreign material from the grooves between the commutator bars and from the brush holders and posts. 5.Brush sparking, chatter, high-spirited wear or chipping, and a dirty or rough commutator indicate motor problems requiring prompt service. encrypt 1. Typical DC Motor Brushes and Commutator Brushes and Collector Rings (Synchronous Motors) 1. Black spots on the collector rings must be removed by rubbing lightly with fine sandpaper. If not removed, these spots cause pitting that requires re craunch the rings. Figure 2. Rotary Converter Armature Showing Commutator And Slip Rings. 2. An imprint of the brush, signs of arcing or rasping wear indicate the need to remove the motor from servic e and repair or replace the rings. . Check the collector ring brushes as described under Brushes and Commutators. They do not, however, wear as rapidly as commutator brushes. BEARING LUBRICATION Introduction in advance(p) motor designs usually provide a generous supply of lubricant in tight bearing trappings. Lubrication on a scheduled basis, in conformance with the manufacturers recommendations, provides optimum bearing life. Thoroughly clean the lubrication equipment and fittings in the first place lubricating. Dirt introduced into the bearings during lubrication probably causes more bearing failures than the lack of lubrication.Too much grease can over get bearings and cause them to run hot, shortening their life. Excessive lubricant can find its way inside the motor where it collects dirt and causes insulation deterioration. Many small motors are built with permanently lubricated bearings. They cannot and should not be lubricated. OILING SLEEVE BEARINGS As a general rule, fr actional horsepower motors with a wick lubrication system should be oiled every 2000 hours of operation or at least annually. Dirty, wet or corrosive locations or heavy loading may require oiling at three-month intervals or more often.Roughly 30 drops of oil for a 3-inch diameter frame to 100 drops for a 9-inch diameter frame is sufficient. employment a 150 genus Sus viscosity turbine oil or SAE 10 automotive oil. Some larger motors are equipped with oil reservoirs and usually a sight gage to check proper level. (Fig. 3) As long as the oil is clean and light in colour, the only requirement is to fill the cavity to the proper level with the oil recommended by the manufacturer. Do not overfill the cavity. If the oil is discoloured, dirty or contains water system, remove the drain common scold. discolor the bearing with fresh oil until it comes out clean.Coat the plug threads with a sealing compound, replace the plug and fill the cavity to the proper level. When motors are disassemb led, wash the housing with a solvent. Discard used entangle packing. Replace badly worn bearings. Coat the shaft and bearing surfaces with oil and reassemble. Figure 3. Cross member of the Bearing System of a Large Motor GREASING BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS Practically all combine ball bearing motors in current production are equipped with the exclusive PLS/Positive Lubrication System. PLS is a patented receptive-bearing system that provides long, reliable bearing and motor ife regardless of mounting position. Its special internal passages uniformly distribute new grease pumped into the housing during regreasing through the open bearings and forces old grease out through the drain hole. The close running tolerance between shaft and inner bearing cap minimizes entry of contaminants into the housing and grease migration into the motor. The unique V-groove outer slinger seals the break between the shaft and end support while the motor is running or is at rest yet allows relief of gr ease along the shaft if the drain hole is plugged. Figure 4) The frequency of routine greasing increases with motor size and severity of the application as indicated in Table 1. Actual schedules must be selected by the user for the specific conditions. During scheduled greasing, remove both the inlet and drain plugs. Pump grease into the housing using a commonplace grease gun and light pressure until clean grease comes out of the drain hole. If the bearings are hot or noisy even after correction of bearing overloads (see Troubleshooting) remove the motor from service. Wash the housing and bearings with a good solvent. Replace bearings that show signs of damage or wear.Repack the bearings, assemble the motor and fill the grease cavity. Whenever motors are disassembled for service, check the bearing housing. Wipe out any old grease. If there are any signs of grease contamination or breakdown, clean and repack the bearing system as described in the former paragraph. Figure 4. Cross S ection of PLS Bearing System (Positive Lubrication System) HEAT, NOISE AND VIBRATION Heat Excessive heat is both a cause of motor failure and a sign of other motor problems. The autochthonic damage caused by excess heat is to increase the aging rate of the insulation. Heat beyond the insulations rating shortens winding life.After heat, a motor may run satisfactorily but its useful life testament be shorter. For maximum motor life, the cause of overheating should be identified and eliminated. As indicated in the Troubleshooting Sections, overheating heads from a variety of different motor problems. They can be grouped as follows * WRONG MOTOR It may be too small or have the wrong starting torque characteristics for the load. This may be the result of poor initial selection or changes in the load requirements. * POOR alter Accumulated dirt or poor motor location may prevent the free flow of cooling air around the motor.In other cases, the motor may draw heated air from some oth er source. Internal dirt or damage can prevent proper air flow through all sections of the motor. Dirt on the frame may prevent transfer of internal heat to the army tank ambient air. * OVERLOADED DRIVEN MACHINE Excess loads or jams in the driven machine force the motor to supply higher torque, draw more current and overheat. Table 1. Motor in operation(p) Conditions Motor Horsepower Light barter(1) Standard craft(2) Heavy Duty(3) Severe Duty(4) Up to 7-1/2 10 to 40 50 to 150 Over 150 10 years 7 years 4 years 1 year 7 years years 1-1/2 years 6 months 4 years 1-1/2 years 9 months 3 months 9 months 4 months 3 months 2 months * Light Duty Motors operate infrequently (1 hour/day or less) as in portable floor sanders, valves, admission openers. * Standard Duty Motors operate in normal applications (1 or 2 work shifts). Examples include air conditioning units, conveyors, refrigeration apparatus, laundry machinery, woodworking and textile machines, water pumps, machine tools, garage c ompressors. * Heavy Duty Motors subjected to above normal operation and vibration (running 24 hours/day, 365 days/year).Such operations as in steel mill service, coal and mining machinery, motor-generator sets, fans, pumps. * Severe Duty Extremely harsh, dirty motor applications. Severe vibration and high ambient conditions often exist. * EXCESSIVE FRICTION Misalignment, poor bearings and other problems in the driven machine, power transmission system or motor increase the torque required to drive the loads, raising motor operating temperature. * ELECTRICAL OVERLOADS An electrical failure of a winding or connection in the motor can cause other Windings or the entire motor to overheat. Noise and VibrationNoise indicates motor problems but normally does not cause damage. Noise, however, is usually accompanied by vibration. Vibration can cause damage in several ways. It tends to shake windings loose and mechanically damages insulation by cracking, flaking or abrading the material. Embr ittlement of lead wires from excessive movement and brush sparking at commutators or current collector rings also results from vibration. Finally, vibration can speed bearing failure by causing balls to brinnell, sleeve bearings to be pounded out of shape or the housings to loosen in the shells.Whenever noise or vibrations are found in an operating motor, the source should be quickly isolated and corrected. What seems to be an translucent source of the noise or vibration may be a symptom of a hidden problem. Therefore, a thorough investigation is often required. Noise and vibrations can be caused by a misaligned motor shaft or can be hereditary to the motor from the driven machine or power transmission system. They can also be the result of either electrical or mechanical instability in the motor. After checking the motor shaft alignment, disconnect the motor from the driven load.If the motor then operates smoothly, look for the source of noise or vibration in the driven equipmen t. If the disconnected motor still vibrates, remove power from the motor. If the vibration vacates, look for an electrical unbalance. If it continues as the motor coasts without power, look for a mechanical unbalance. galvanic unbalance occurs when the magnetic attraction between stator and rotor is uneven around the periphery of the motor. This causes the shaft to deflect as it rotates creating a mechanical unbalance. Electrical unbalance usually indicates an electrical failure such as an open tator or rotor winding, an open bar or ring in squirrel cage motors or shorted electron orbit coils in synchronous motors. An uneven air gap, usually from badly worn sleeve bearings, also produces electrical unbalance. The chief causes of mechanical unbalance include a distorted mounting, bent shaft, poorly balanced rotor, loose parts on the rotor or bad bearings. Noise can also come from the fan hitting the frame, shroud, or foreign objects inside the shroud. If the bearings are bad, as i ndicated by excessive bearing noise, determine why the bearings failed.Brush chatter is a motor noise that can be caused by vibration or other problems unrelated to vibration. WINDINGS accusation of Windings and Insulation Except for expensive, high horsepower motors, routine inspections generally do not involve opening the motor to inspect the windings. Therefore, long motor life requires selection of the proper enclosure to protect the windings from excessive dirt, abrasives, moisture, oil and chemicals. When the need is indicated by severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures, routine testing can identify deteriorating insulation.Such motors can be removed from service and repaired before unexpected failures stop production. Whenever a motor is opened for repair, service the windings as follows 1. Accumulated dirt prevents proper cooling and may absorb moisture and other contaminants that damage the insulation. Vacuum the dirt from the windings and internal air passages. Do not use high pressure air because this can damage windings by driving the dirt into the insulation. 2. harsh dust drawn through the motor can abrade coil noses, removing insulation. If such abrasion is found, the winding should be revarnished or replaced. . Moisture reduces the dielectric strength of insulation which results in shorts. If the inside of the motor is damp, dry the motor per information in Cleaning and Drying Windings. 4. Wipe any oil and grease from inside the motor. Use care with solvents that can attack the insulation. 5. If the insulation appears brittle, overheated or cracked, the motor should be revarnished or, with severe conditions, rewound. 6. idle coils and leads can move with changing magnetic knit stitchs or vibration, causing the insulation to wear, crack or fray. Revarnishing and retying leads may correct minor problems.If the loose coil situation is severe, the motor must be rewound. 7. Check the lead-to-coil connections for signs of over heating or corrosion. These connections are often exposed on large motors but taped on small motors. Repair as involve. 8. Check wound rotor windings as described for stator windings. Because rotor windings must withstand centrifugal forces, tightness is even more important. In addition, check for loose end pieces or other loose parts that create unbalance problems. 9. The cast rotor rods and end rings of squirrel cage motors rarely need attention.However, open or broken rods create electrical unbalance that increases with the number of rods broken. An open end ring causes severe vibration and noise. TESTING WINDINGS Routine field testing of windings can identify deteriorating insulation permitting scheduled repair or replacement of the motor before its failure disrupts operations. Such testing is good practice especially for applications with severe operating conditions or a history of winding failures and for expensive, high horsepower motors and locations where failures can cau se health and safety problems or high economic loss.The easiest field test that prevents the most failures is the ground-insulation or 127 megger test. It applies DC voltage, usually 500 or constant of gravitation volts, to the motor and measures the resistance of the insulation. NEMA standards require a minimum resistance to ground at 40 degrees C ambient of 1 mega ohm per kv of rating plus 1 mega ohm. Medium size motors in good condition will generally have mega ohmmeter readings in excess of 50 mega ohms. Low readings may indicate a gravely reduced insulation condition caused by contamination from moisture, oil or conductive dirt or deterioration from age or excessive heat.One megger reading for a motor means little. A wrench recording resistance, with the motor cold and hot, and date indicates the rate of deterioration. This curve provides the information needed to decide if the motor can be safely left in service until the next scheduled inspection time. The megger test indi cates ground insulation condition. It does not, however, measure turn-to-turn insulation condition and may not pick up localised weaknesses. Moreover, operating voltage peaks may stress the insulation more severely than megger voltage.Experience and conditions may indicate the need for additional routine testing. A test used to prove existence of a safety tolerance above operating voltage is the AC high potential ground test. It applies a high AC voltage (typically, 65% of a voltage times twice the operating voltage plus 1000 volts) between windings and frame. Although this test does detect poor insulation condition, the high voltage can arc to ground, enthusiastic insulation and frame, and can also actually cause failure during the test. It should never be applied to a motor with a low megger reading.DC rather than AC high potential tests are becoming touristed because the test equipment is smaller and the low test current is less dangerous to people and does not create damage o f its own. CLEANING AND DRYING WINDINGS Motors which have been flooded or which have low megger readings because of contamination by moisture, oil or conductive dust should be thoroughly cleaned and dried. The methods figure upon available equipment. A hot water hose and detergents are commonly used to remove dirt, oil, dust or salt concentrations from rotors, stators and connection boxes.After cleaning, the windings must be dried, commonly in a forced-draft oven. Time to obtain acceptable megger readings varies from a couple hours to a few days. BRUSH AND COMMUTATOR CARE Some maintenance people with many relatively trouble-free AC squirrel cage motors forget that brushes and commutators require more frequent routine inspection and service. The result can be unnecessary failures between scheduled maintenance. Many factors are involved in brush and commutator problems. All generally involve brush sparking usually accompanied by chatter and often excessive wear or chipping.Sparking m ay result from poor commutator conditions or it may cause them. The degree of sparking should be determined by careful visual inspection. The illustrations shown in Fig. 5 are a useful guide. It is very important that you gauge the degree number as accurately as possible. The solution to the problem may well depend upon the accuracy of your answer since many motor, load, environmental and application conditions can cause sparking. It is also imperative that a remedy be determined as quickly as possible. Sparking generally feeds upon itself and becomes worse with time until serious damage results.Some of the causes are obvious and some are not. Some are constant and others intermittent. Therefore, eliminating brush sparking, especially when it is a chronic or recurring problem, requires a thorough review of the motor and operating conditions. Always recheck for sparking after correcting one problem to see that it solved the total problem. Also remember that, after grinding the commut ator and properly reseating the brushes, sparking will occur until the polished, brown surface reforms on the commutator. Figure 5. Degrees of Generator and Motor SparkingNOTE microscopic sparks are yellow in colour, and the large sparks are white in colour. The white sparks, or blue-white sparks, are most detrimental to commutation (both brush and commutator). First consider external conditions that affect commutation. Frequent motor overloads, vibration and high humidity cause sparking. Extremely low humidity allows brushes to wear through the needed polished brown commutator surface film. Oil, paint, acid and other chemical vapours in the atmosphere taint brushes and the commutator surface. picture for obvious brush and brush holder deficiencies 1.Be sure brushes are properly seated, move freely in the holders and are not too short. 2. The brush spring pressure must be equal on all brushes. 3. Be sure spring pressure is not too light or too high. Large motors with adjustable s prings should be set at about 3 to 4 pounds per square inch of brush surface in contact with the commutators. 4. Remove dust that can cause a short between brush holders and frame. 5. Check lead connections to the brush holders. Loose connections cause overheating. Look for obvious commutator problems 1. Any condition other than a polished, brown surface under the brushes indicates a problem.Severe sparking causes a rough blackened surface. An oil film, paint spray, chemical contamination and other abnormal conditions can cause a blackened or discolored surface and sparking. Streaking or grooving under only some brushes or flat and burned spots can result from a load mismatch and cause motor electrical problems. Grooved commutators should be removed from service. A brassy appearance shows excessive wear on the surface resulting from low humidity or wrong brush grade. 2. High mica or high or low commutator bars make the brushes jump, causing sparking. 3.Carbon dust, copper foil or ot her conductive dust in the slots between commutator bars causes shorting and sometimes sparking between bars. If correcting any obvious deficiencies does not eliminate sparking or noise, look to the less obvious possibilities 1. If brushes were changed before the problem became apparent, check the grade of brushes. Weak brushes may chip. Soft, low abrasive brushes may allow a thick film to form. High friction or high abrasion brushes wear away the brown film, producing a brassy surface. If the problem appears only under one or more of the brushes, two different grades of brushes may have been installed.Generally, use only the brushes recommended by the motor manufacturer or a qualified brush expert. 2. The brush holder may have been readjust improperly. If the boxes are more than 1/8 from the commutator, the brushes can jump or chip. Setting the brush holder off neutral causes sparking. Normally the brushes must be equally spaced around the commutator and must be parallel to the bar s so all make contact with each bar at the same(p) time. 3. An eccentric commutator causes sparking and may cause vibration. Normally, concentricity should be within . 001 on high speed, . 002 on medium speed and . 04 on slow speed motors. 4. Various electrical failures in the motor windings or connections manifest themselves in sparking and poor commutation. Look for shorts or opens in the armature circuit and for grounds, shorts or opens in the field winding circuits. A weak interpole circuit or large air gap also submit brush sparking. SAFETY ACCIDENT in industrial sector defines any incident which has potential to cause injury to human, loss of property and damage to environment. Causes for occurrence of accident * Unsafe Act * Unsafe Conditions Hazards * Conditions predominate in work place finally leading to accidents.Types * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * Environmental Precautions * Look overhead * Watch steps * Wear shoes and helmets * Take care of the flow opening * avoid lose clothing * Always carry your I-D card CONCLUSION In this project, I have examine the working of electrical repair shop and about the function of Bhilai steel plant. I have obtained some knowledge about * Rolling mill * Blast furnace * Electrical repair shop * Motor windings BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTES taken DURING THE TENURE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRANING INTERNET www. google. com INTRANRT SAIL, BSP INTRANET SITE